Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260906)

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Navigating the Purpose and Provision of CBDC (IJPE)

In the International Journal of Political Economy (IJPE), George Pantelopoulos argues that one purpose of central bank digital currency (CBDC) is to preserve the fungibility of privately issued means of payment. Through the retail anchor function of central bank money, convertibility into banknotes bridges heterogeneities among forms of private money and forges a symbiosis between them, preventing commercial bank money from de-anchoring and thereby averting adverse selection and fractured monetary sovereignty. With banknotes declining as a means of payment, however, this convertibility risks becoming a merely theoretical rather than real-world construct — a gap that could justify introducing CBDC. Separately, the paper contends that genuine CBDC must be booked as a direct central bank liability; “synthetic CBDC” schemes, being central-bank-backed e-money issued by intermediaries, do not qualify. A two-tier architecture is presented as the most likely means of preserving this liability structure without requiring the central bank to hold retail accounts. [IJPE]

The Alchemy of Fungible Money: A Trilateral Approach to Bridging Heterogeneities (SSRN)

George Pantelopoulos and Paul Wessels posted a paper on the Social Science Research Network (SSRN) that challenges the prevailing “moneyness” policy focus on “singleness” – the property that payments denominated in the sovereign unit of account will be settled at par, even if they use different forms of privately and publicly issued monies. The authors argue that settlement at par is merely one component of true interchangeability. Even when instruments like commercial bank deposits, e-money, and stablecoins exchange at par, unmitigated heterogeneities in credit risk and accessibility can still trigger adverse selection and systemic instability during market stress. To achieve practical fungibility, they propose a trilateral framework of foundational (unit of account), enabling (convertibility, deterministic settlement finality, interoperability), and supportive (regulation, deposit insurance) elements. As physical cash usage declines, the analysis questions whether decentralized innovations like stablecoins and tokenized deposits can sufficiently replicate these complex institutional support mechanisms to achieve practical fungibility. [SSRN]

Tokenized Finance and The Perimeter of Central Banking (KC Fed)

Darrell Duffie presented a paper at the Kansas City Fed (KC Fed) Jackson Hole Conference that evaluates how central banks can support safe settlement for large-scale tokenized finance without expanding their operational perimeter. He analyzes infrastructure models based on financial stability, central-bank balance sheet size, and fragmentation costs, warning that poor interoperability will severely delay tokenization’s growth. Duffie assesses four approaches: (1) providing tokenized central-bank reserves, (2) synchronizing extended-hour conventional payment systems with programmable ledgers, (3) authorizing private-sector narrow banks to offer tokenized deposits via central-bank omnibus accounts, and (4) utilizing wholesale stablecoins. He predicts central banks will likely delegate tokenization to private-sector narrow banks (approach 3) to avoid building 24×7 programmable ledgers themselves. He dismisses stablecoins as inferior for financial stability; as claims on private issuers, they carry vulnerabilities like liquidity transformation and contagion, lacking the safety of central bank money. [KC Fed]

BTW if you want to see a complete database of my DFC-related posts going back years, including many that didn’t make the Daily Digest cut, click here.

FYI I produce a monthly digest of digital fiat currency (DFC) developments exclusively for the official sector (e.g., central banks, ministries of finance and international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank)) plus academics and firms that are active in the DFC space (commercial banks, technology providers, consultants, etc.). (DFCs include central bank digital currency (CBDC), stablecoins and tokenized deposits.) It goes out via email on the first business day of every month, and if you’re interested in being on the mailing list, please email me at john@kiffmeister.com.

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260904)

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Brazilian and European Central Banks are Negotiating to Connect Their Instant Payment Systems (Folha de S.Paulo)

Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) is reportedly negotiating with the European Central Bank (ECB) to connect its Pix instant payment system to the ECB’s Trans-European Automated Real-time Gross Settlement Express Transfer System (TARGET) Instant Payment Settlement (TIPS) platform. The talks are in a preliminary phase but are already included in the ECB’s work schedule with its studies for the connection currently in the pre-investigation phase, with legal, technical, security, and operational analyses expected to be completed by the end of September. If negotiations progress, the expectation is to launch an operational pilot program in June 2028. [Folha de S.Paulo]
https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/es/economia/2026/09/brasil-negocia-conectar-el-sistema-de-pagos-instantaneos-con-la-plataforma-europea.shtml

Designing Retail CBDCs: A Systematic Literature Review of Trade-Offs Between Security, Privacy, and Financial Stability (IJFS)

A systematic review of 140 peer-reviewed articles in the International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) examines retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) design considerations, proposing a structural “CBDC design trilemma.” This framework asserts that retail CBDCs cannot simultaneously maximize privacy, financial stability, and regulatory compliance. The study finds scholarly consensus converging on a suboptimal “zone of compromise” — specifically two-tier architectures with tiered privacy — where stabilizing features inherently degrade user adoption or anonymity. This operationalizes these trade-offs for policymakers, clarifying that technical innovations cannot fully dissolve fundamental tensions between regulatory mandates and disintermediation risks. However, whether this theoretical trilemma strictly binds in practice remains unverified, given a critical deficit of empirical data from live deployments.” [IJFD]

BTW if you want to see a complete database of my DFC-related posts going back years, including many that didn’t make the Daily Digest cut, click here.

FYI I produce a monthly digest of digital fiat currency (DFC) developments exclusively for the official sector (e.g., central banks, ministries of finance and international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank)) plus academics and firms that are active in the DFC space (commercial banks, technology providers, consultants, etc.). (DFCs include central bank digital currency (CBDC), stablecoins and tokenized deposits.) It goes out via email on the first business day of every month, and if you’re interested in being on the mailing list, please email me at john@kiffmeister.com.

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260903)

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Digital Currency in the Australian Context: An Update (RBA)

The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) and the Australian Government Treasury published reports that concluded that Australia’s retail payment system is serving households and businesses well, and that there is no clear public interest case for a retail central bank digital currency (CBDC). This is consistent with the conclusions of the 2024 “Central Bank Digital Currency and the Future of Digital Money in Australia” RBA and Treasury joint paper. The new assessment drew on a public consultation conducted by Verian Group, which asked Australians about their payment needs and views on a potential retail CBDC. Going forward, the RBA will continue monitoring developments in retail payments, cash accessibility, tokenized money, consumer payment preferences and digital finance domestically and internationally, to ensure it remains well placed to reassess the case for a retail CBDC should circumstances (and the policy case) change in the future. In the meantime, the RBA remains committed to progressing an ambitious range of initiatives in wholesale markets and money, including a coordinated work program on wholesale tokenized finance. [RBA]

The Role of RITS in Supporting Settlement in a Tokenized Ecosystem (RBA)

The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) launched a consultation on the roles of the Reserve Bank Information and Transfer System (RITS) (the RBA’s real-time gross settlement (RTGS) platform) and Fast Settlement System (FSS) (the RBA’s fast payment platform) in supporting settlement in a tokenized ecosystem. As highlighted in the May 2026 Project Acacia final report, tokenization has the potential to enhance the efficiency, functionality and resilience of Australia’s wholesale financial markets. The consultation seeks views on how the RBA’s settlement services could support the development and growth of tokenized asset markets and tokenized private money in Australia, while continuing to promote safety, efficiency and financial stability. The consultation is one of several initiatives identified in Project Acacia as forming the basis of a future program of work aimed at ensuring Australia’s money, payments and settlement arrangements remain fit for the future. The RBA is also seeking views on key design considerations for tokenized central bank reserves. [RBA]

Harneys and droppRWA Plan First Blockchain-Recorded Catastrophe Bond Issue (Coindesk)

Harneys, a global offshore law firm originally established in the British Virgin Islands, and droppRWA, a Bermuda-based tokenization platform, reportedly plan to issue tokenized catastrophe (CAT) bonds by 2027, transitioning legal ownership directly onto a blockchain. This could compress reconciliation from days to seconds and reduce minimum investments from $250,000 to $5,000 via beneficial interest vehicles. The project is still pending applicable regulatory requirements and approvals. Any platform administrator role would be subject to licensing under Bermuda’s Digital Asset Business Act 2018. [Coindesk]

BTW if you want to see a complete database of my DFC-related posts going back years, including many that didn’t make the Daily Digest cut, click here.

FYI I produce a monthly digest of digital fiat currency (DFC) developments exclusively for the official sector (e.g., central banks, ministries of finance and international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank)) plus academics and firms that are active in the DFC space (commercial banks, technology providers, consultants, etc.). (DFCs include central bank digital currency (CBDC), stablecoins and tokenized deposits.) It goes out via email on the first business day of every month, and if you’re interested in being on the mailing list, please email me at john@kiffmeister.com.

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260901)

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Tokenizing Central Bank Money on Public Blockchains (SSRN)

Ulrich Bindseil and Benjamin Duve posted a paper that explores the option of issuing central bank digital currency (CBDC) on public blockchains. The paper first reviews the main reservations, which include technical fragmentation, governance and operational risks, financial-stability concerns, and illicit-use and reputational risks. It then assesses how modern blockchain features may mitigate risks and evaluates the public policy objectives such issuance could advance. For example, central banks may mitigate chain-selection, operational, and illicit-use risks through formal admission criteria and strict issuer-controlled interoperability, plus embedded compliance architecture, and issuer-level control over minting, redemption, and freezing—paralleling existing stablecoin practice. Public rails would be markedly cheaper than proprietary infrastructure, while advancing monetary sovereignty, seigniorage, and financial stability. The authors conclude these risks may be manageable, proposing licensed, fully backed licensed stablecoins as a transitional alternative. [SSRN]

BTW if you want to see a complete database of my DFC-related posts going back years, including many that didn’t make the Daily Digest cut, click here.

FYI I produce a monthly digest of digital fiat currency (DFC) developments exclusively for the official sector (e.g., central banks, ministries of finance and international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank)) plus academics and firms that are active in the DFC space (commercial banks, technology providers, consultants, etc.). (DFCs include central bank digital currency (CBDC), stablecoins and tokenized deposits.) It goes out via email on the first business day of every month, and if you’re interested in being on the mailing list, please email me at john@kiffmeister.com.

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260829)

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Ministers to Boost Innovation in Payments with New Objective for Bank of England (U.K. HMT)

The U.K’s HM Treasury (U.K. HMT) announced that the Bank of England will receive a new secondary objective supporting innovation in payment systems and digital money, subordinate to its primary financial-stability mandate. The change extends an approach already used for central counterparties and securities depositories under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2023 to systemic payment systems, including those using digital settlement assets such as stablecoins; the Bank will report annually to Parliament. Officials framed the move as necessary to keep pace with technologies like tokenization and distributed ledger technology while preserving the U.K.’s standing in financial services. Implementation requires amendments to the Financial Services and Markets Bill, next debated in the Lords on September 7-9, 2026. [U.K. HMT]

BTW if you want to see a complete database of my DFC-related posts going back years, including many that didn’t make the Daily Digest cut, click here.

FYI I produce a monthly digest of digital fiat currency (DFC) developments exclusively for the official sector (e.g., central banks, ministries of finance and international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank)) plus academics and firms that are active in the DFC space (commercial banks, technology providers, consultants, etc.). (DFCs include central bank digital currency (CBDC), stablecoins and tokenized deposits.) It goes out via email on the first business day of every month, and if you’re interested in being on the mailing list, please email me at john@kiffmeister.com.

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260828)

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Russia’s Digital Ruble Goes Live on September 1 (Bank of Russia)

The large-scale rollout of the digital ruble will begin on September 1, 2026, when customers of the largest Russian banks may use the retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) through a single wallet accessible in participating banks’ mobile applications. The Bank of Russia will initially require major banks and merchants with annual revenues exceeding ₽120 million to support the digital ruble, with broader bank and merchant obligations phased in through September 2028. Firms with annual revenues below ₽5 million are exempt from acceptance requirements. The arrangement avoids interbank transfers of digital-ruble balances: users can fund the wallet from conventional bank accounts up to ₽300,000 rubles per month, make unrestricted person-to-person transfers, and pay merchants without fees. A universal merchant QR code will present digital-ruble payment alongside the Faster Payments System and other available methods. [Bank of Russia]

Regulating Stablecoin Issuance: Permissible Entities and Activities (BIS)

The BIS published a paper by Currat, Ehrentraud and Ocampo that provides a comparative analysis of the regulatory frameworks for stablecoin issuers across the European Union, Hong Kong, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. It finds that approaches differ significantly, particularly in terms of the types of entities allowed to issue them and the scope of activities permitted beyond core issuance. Stablecoin frameworks generally limit issuers to a core set of functions such as issuance, redemption and reserve management, but they differ in how far issuers may stray from them. Frameworks that allow banks to issue under existing prudential regimes tend to permit a broader range of activities, as their regulatory framework already mitigates associated risks. In constrast, bespoke regimes for stablecoin issuers impose stricter limits. These activity restrictions apply to the issuing entity rather than the group. For banks, consolidated supervision already constrains the relocation of activities to affiliates; for non-banks, no equivalent group-wide framework applies, and restrictions can be circumvented with corporate structuring. [BIS]

First Fully Onchain Repo Transaction Completed Using a Sovereign Digital Bond (Businesswire)

Virtu Financial, M1X Global, and Tradeweb completed the first fully onchain repo transaction using a sovereign digital bond, USDM1, as collateral on the Canton Network. USDM1, natively issued by the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) under New York law as a Brady-bond-style instrument backed 1:1 by short-dated US Treasuries, functioned as collateral with atomic settlement across securities, cash, and repurchase legs, completing a full cycle in under 10 minutes. Unlike prior onchain repo demonstrations using digital cash or off-chain collateral, this combined natively issued sovereign collateral with full onchain settlement. The structure claims favorable Basel 3.1 risk-weighting versus stablecoins or tokenized funds, and supports ISDA/GMRA netting. However, USDM1 is being offered and sold solely outside the United States in reliance on Regulation S under the U.S. Securities Act. [Businesswire]

Marshall Islands MEC Partnering With Lomalo to Expand Electricity Payment Options (MEC)

The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) Marshalls Energy Company (MEC) will enable prepaid electricity (“Cash Power”) purchases through Lomalo’s mobile wallet from August, supplementing existing online purchases through MEC’s website. Verified users link a meter number, buy credit in the app, and receive a token for manual entry into the existing meter. Registered meters receive a $10 introductory credit. The arrangement embeds an essential-utility payment use case in Lomalo, a mobile wallet operated with the Ministry of Finance, Banking and Postal Services. Lomalo wallet-to-wallet transfers are made via blockchain-based interest-paying USDM1 sovereign digital bonds pegged to the U.S. dollar and backed by equivalent values of short-term U.S. Treasury Bills. Lomalo’s and USDM1’s flagship use case is distributing ENRA, the RMI’s universal basic income (UBI) program. [MEC]

BTW if you want to see a complete database of my DFC-related posts going back years, including many that didn’t make the Daily Digest cut, click here.

FYI I produce a monthly digest of digital fiat currency (DFC) developments exclusively for the official sector (e.g., central banks, ministries of finance and international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank)) plus academics and firms that are active in the DFC space (commercial banks, technology providers, consultants, etc.). (DFCs include central bank digital currency (CBDC), stablecoins and tokenized deposits.) It goes out via email on the first business day of every month, and if you’re interested in being on the mailing list, please email me at john@kiffmeister.com.

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260827)

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Meeting the Challenge of Correspondent Bank Relationship Withdrawals in fully Dollarized Microstates (SSRN)

I have just completed a first draft of a paper that examines emerging digital financial infrastructure and instruments as potential complements to the standard prescriptions aimed at mitigating the domestic financial system risks risks of correspondent banking relationship (CBR) withdrawal in officially dollarized microstates. Such microstates surrender the monetary autonomy of a central bank in exchange for the stability of a foreign currency, and in doing so make their domestic financial systems dependent on CBRs that global banks are increasingly unwilling to maintain. The existing IMF and World Bank literature treats CBR withdrawal primarily as a cross-border payments problem, and its prescriptions are addressed to that dimension. This paper assesses the capacity of emerging digital financial infrastructure and instruments to sustain domestic financial system functionality independent of a CBR, and the extent to which they may allow governments to recapture economic benefits analogous in some respects to the seigniorage that dollarization forgoes. Comments please! [SSRN]

Tokenized Deposits Could Affect Bank Liquidity, Maturity Transformation (Dallas Fed)

The U.S. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (Dallas Fed) published an article that claims that widespread tokenized-deposit adoption could erode banks’ maturity-transformation capacity and increase liquidity needs, in the context of real-time payments, stablecoin competition, and emerging bank-led on-chain deposit models. By making deposits more transferable and rate-sensitive, tokenization could shorten their expected life and raise deposit betas, reducing the effective duration that supports longer-term lending. The authors estimate that deposits support roughly 80% of aggregate bank duration exposure; a 10% reduction in deposit life or increase in rate sensitivity could materially reduce capacity or require more term funding, raising credit costs. Faster outflows could also increase demand for reserves and Treasuries. [Dallas Fed]

BTW if you want to see a complete database of my DFC-related posts going back years, including many that didn’t make the Daily Digest cut, click here.

FYI I produce a monthly digest of digital fiat currency (DFC) developments exclusively for the official sector (e.g., central banks, ministries of finance and international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank)) plus academics and firms that are active in the DFC space (commercial banks, technology providers, consultants, etc.). (DFCs include central bank digital currency (CBDC), stablecoins and tokenized deposits.) It goes out via email on the first business day of every month, and if you’re interested in being on the mailing list, please email me at john@kiffmeister.com.

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260826)

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India Plans First Tokenized Corporate Bond Issue in September (Reuters)

India will reportedly pilot its first tokenized corporate bond issuance in September, with state-owned power financier Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) Limited issuing under 5 billion rupees in blockchain-recorded notes settled via the central bank digital currency (CBDC). The Reserve Bank of India and the markets regulator are jointly developing the framework, requiring investors to hold both a wholesale CBDC wallet and a new distributed-ledger securities wallet (“DEMAT 2.0”) built by depositories, rather than trading on conventional electronic book platforms. Access is restricted to a select investor group at the pilot stage, bonds carry a three-month lock-in, and a secondary market is only expected by December, leaving interoperability and scaling questions unresolved. [Reuters]

Japan Eyes Blockchain for Instant Stock, Government Bond Settlement (Nikkei)

Japan’s Ministry of Finance (MOF) and the Bank of Japan (BOJ) reportedly plan to develop a blockchain-based platform to support real-time 24/7 settlement of government bond and stock transactions using a wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC). A study group involving the MOF, BOJ, Financial Services Agency, and financial institutions will soon be established, with a development plan expected to be finalized by early 2027, with a view to launching in the early 2030s. [Nikkei]

BTW if you want to see a complete database of my DFC-related posts going back years, including many that didn’t make the Daily Digest cut, click here.

FYI I produce a monthly digest of digital fiat currency (DFC) developments exclusively for the official sector (e.g., central banks, ministries of finance and international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank)) plus academics and firms that are active in the DFC space (commercial banks, technology providers, consultants, etc.). (DFCs include central bank digital currency (CBDC), stablecoins and tokenized deposits.) It goes out via email on the first business day of every month, and if you’re interested in being on the mailing list, please email me at john@kiffmeister.com.

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260824)

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Jam-Dex Transactions Climb as BOJ Expands Reach (Jamaica Observer)

Transaction volumes of the Bank of Jamaica (BOJ) JAM-DEX central bank digital currency (CBDC) have reportedly accelerated this year, reaching J$51.7 million in the seven months to July 2026, exceeding the J$19.3 million recorded in all of 2025 and about J$3 million in 2024. Deputy Governor Natalie Haynes said that outstanding JAM-DEX stands at J$294.7 million and subscribers at about 320,000, but both those numbers are little changed from end-2025, and only two wallet providers currently operate. (The amount of JAM-DEX minted has remained static at J$276 million since end-2023, and J$260 million was in circulation at end-2025 and the number of wallets was 305,000.) However, the BOJ is moving to bring more financial institutions onto the platform and widen merchant acceptance, and it expects that by the first half of 2027, about 40% of points of sale (POS) across the island should be able to accept JAM-DEX. [Jamaica Observer]

The Hard Truth is that the Clarity Act is an Anti-Crypto Bill (CoinDesk)

Berkeley Law lecturer Hermine argues that the Digital Asset Market Clarity Act is not a technology-enabling crypto framework but an intermediary-centered market-structure bill, allocating far more attention to exchanges, brokers, custodians, and related entities than to decentralized protocols or peer-to-peer use. Against a backdrop of prior legislative paralysis and major platform failures, Senate consideration has slipped to mid-September; she contends that concentrated industry political financing helped produce legislation aligned with large incumbents rather than users or protocol developers. Regulating centralized firms does not establish standards for decentralized-system security, governance, disclosures, accountability, or remedies after failures. [CoinDesk]

BTW if you want to see a complete database of my DFC-related posts going back years, including many that didn’t make the Daily Digest cut, click here.

FYI I produce a monthly digest of digital fiat currency (DFC) developments exclusively for the official sector (e.g., central banks, ministries of finance and international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank)) plus academics and firms that are active in the DFC space (commercial banks, technology providers, consultants, etc.). (DFCs include central bank digital currency (CBDC), stablecoins and tokenized deposits.) It goes out via email on the first business day of every month, and if you’re interested in being on the mailing list, please email me at john@kiffmeister.com.