The European Central Bank (ECB) published version 0.91 of the digital euro scheme rulebook. Its purpose is to provide a single set of measures, rules, and standards for the provision of digital euro payment services, and ensure a standardized digital euro payment experience across all Member States, irrespective of the country or the payment service providers (PSPs) used. It leverages, to the extent possible, on existing industry standards and procedures to improve interoperability and promote harmonization within the European payments infrastructure. [ECB]
The Bank of Italy (BoI) Financial Intelligence Unit published a paper that examines the potential of privacy-preserving stablecoins (“privacy stablecoins”) as retail payment instruments. It argues that stablecoins currently operating on public Layer-1 blockchains face structural limitations in terms of scalability, regulatory compliance, and privacy protection. Privacy-enhancing Layer-2 architectures may help overcome these constraints by combining greater operational efficiency with mechanisms that reconcile user confidentiality and regulatory oversight. The paper proposes a framework that relies on rollup‑based Layer‑2 designs with validity‑proof systems, data‑availability guarantees, and rule‑based selective disclosure to reconcile privacy with auditable reserves and enforceable financial integrity. [BoI]
BTW if you want to see a complete database of my DFC-related posts going back years, including many that didn’t make the Daily Digest cut, click here.
FYI I produce a monthly digest of digital fiat currency (DFC) developments exclusively for the official sector (e.g., central banks, ministries of finance and international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank)) plus academics and firms that are active in the DFC space (commercial banks, technology providers, consultants, etc.). (DFCs include central bank digital currency (CBDC), stablecoins and tokenized deposits.) It goes out via email on the first business day of every month, and if you’re interested in being on the mailing list, please email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
Circle announced plans to launch a new stablecoin-focused, Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) compatible Layer 1 blockchain called Arc, which will use USDC as its native gas token. Aimed at supporting enterprise-grade stablecoin payments, FX, and capital markets, Arc promises features like a stablecoin FX engine, rapid sub-second settlement, opt-in privacy, seamless integration with Circle’s platform, and interoperability across other partner blockchains. The public testnet for Arc is expected to go live in the fall of 2025 and a mainnet beta in 2026. [Read more at Circle]
The University of California (UC) Law Journal published a paper by Jiaying Jiang that explores the debate around implementing central bank digital currency (CBDC), focusing on the tension between privacy and regulatory demands. The author argues that the prevailing fear of government surveillance is not a technical inevitability but a result of outdated anti-money laundering (AML) and countering the financing of terrorism (CFT) regulations. To address this, the paper proposes concrete solutions: modernizing AML/CFT rules to allow for limited, threshold-based anonymity in everyday CBDC transactions; updating institutional record-keeping and reporting so small or low-risk transfers can occur privately; adopting privacy-preserving technologies like token-based payment options and encryption; and introducing clear legal carve-outs that permit financial institutions to implement privacy-by-design features without breaching regulatory obligations. These reforms, the author contends, would enable a digital dollar that protects user privacy while still equipping authorities with the tools necessary for oversight and crime prevention—demonstrating that privacy and compliance can be achieved together through thoughtful legal and technical innovation. [Read more at UC Law]
A forthcoming Bar Ilan University Faculty of Law Research Paper reports on the results of a multi-stage nationally-representatvie survey conducted in collaboration with the Bank of Israel on Israeli attitudes towards a possible digital shekel. The survey revealed that willingness to adopt was strongly correlated with trust in the central bank; respondents who expressed higher trust in the Bank of Israel were much more likely to intend to use the digital shekel. Interestingly, concerns about privacy were lower among Israelis compared to similar surveys in other countries, which may explain their relatively high acceptance. When asked about the most important features, respondents prioritized ease of use across payment scenarios, fraud protection, the ability to use the currency offline, absence of hidden fees, the option to earn interest, and above all, assurance that the central bank would not have access to personal transaction data. Overall, the survey highlights that while technical features matter, trust in the central bank is the most decisive factor influencing public willingness to adopt CBDC in Israel. [Read more at SSRN]
A paper published in the International Journal of Bank Marketing explores how personal financial planning impacts individuals’ willingness to adopt central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), using survey data from Sweden and the UK. The research finds that individuals who engage in activities such as budgeting, tracking expenses or setting long-term goals are more likely to express interest in CBDC adoption. These behaviors, reflecting financial literacy and forward-looking decision-making, align with openness to innovative financial technologies, were strengthened by perceptions of security, safety, and trust in the new technology. Individuals who believe that CBDCs are secure and that their personal data will be protected are significantly more likely to adopt the technology. Socioeconomic factors like education and age, as well as personal attitudes toward technology and risk, also influence adoption. [Read more at Emerald Insight]
The TIPS Cross-Currency (TIPS X-CCY) service, a joint initiative by the Riksbank, ECB, Banca d’Italia, and Danmarks Nationalbank, will launching in October 2025, to enable instant, simultaneous settlement of cross-currency payments between the euro, Swedish krona, and Danish krone, with a future expansion to the Norwegian krone planned. This system leverages the Enhanced Linked Transaction (ELKT) model to ensure real-time payment and settlement across participating central bank systems, and is undergoing technical trials and regulatory updates to support its rollout, aiming to interlink with additional global payment systems over time. [Read more at the Riksbank]
Upcoming Speaking Engagements:
The CB+DC Conference (Nassau, Bahamas, September 9-11) is a premier gathering centered on CBDCs, tokenized assets, and stablecoins. It provides a forum for central bankers, commercial bankers, technology innovators, policymakers, and academics to explore the latest advancements in digital currency, engage with experts and peers, and discuss the future of digital currency. [Register here but before you do, email me at john@kiffmeister.com for a 15% discount]
I produce a monthly digest of digital fiat currency (DFC) developments exclusively for the official sector (e.g., central banks, ministries of finance and international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank)) plus academics and firms that are active in the DFC space (commercial banks, technology providers, consultants, etc.). (DFCs include central bank digital currency (CBDC), stablecoins and tokenized deposits.) It goes out via email on the first business day of every month, and if you’re interested in being on the mailing list, please email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
The Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission reportedly wants to introduce a draft law that would allow banks to issue their own stablecoins that will be jointly managed by the Taiwan central bank. “Chairman of the Taiwan FSC, Peng Jinlong, stated that stablecoins will be used as a bridge that connects the gap between fiat currencies and cryptocurrencies, making it easier for investors to access the crypto trading market. In the case of Taiwan, stablecoins issued by local banks will be pegged to the new Taiwan dollar instead of the U.S. dollar.” [Read more at Money.udn.com]
Eurex Clearing has received non-objection letter from the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) for distributed ledger technology (DLT) supported collateral mobilization for its clients. The initiative is a collaboration with HQLAᵡ and Clearstream, with J.P. Morgan planning to participate as the pilot clearing member. The objective is to ensure that securities collateral can be accessed and utilized instantly to fulfil central counterparty (CCP) margin requirements, regardless of its physical location. [Read more at HQLAᵡ]
The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) published a paper on how technology can enhance privacy in digital payment systems. It classifies privacy-enhancing designs along the dimensions of privacy versus auditability, and soft institution- versus hard technology-based solutions. It maps existing technologies into this taxonomy and assesses them. Sophisticated techniques allow having both hard privacy and limited transparency by employing hard-coded rules that dictate which data remains inaccessible. On balance, there is promise in novel concepts like zero-knowledge-proofs, but current technologies suffer from security and computational capacity limitations in. [Read more at the BIS]
The Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta published an article on the growing use of stablecoins. It points to retailers like Overstock, Chipotle, Whole Foods, and GameStop now accepting them, Stripe enabling merchants to accept USD Coin (USDC). Regal Cinemas offering a 10% discount on tickets and concessions for USDC payments, and Travala letting users book travel services with USDC or USDT. Benefits to merchants include reduced transaction fees, immediate settlement, and attracting crypto-savvy customers. However, the article points to concerns over the stability of the assets backing them, regulatory uncertainty, and security vulnerabilities like cyberattacks, and stablecoins used in decentralized finance platforms facing risks such as smart contract failures and liquidity issues. [Read more at the Atlanta Fed]
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Upcoming Speaking Engagements:
The Central Bank Payments Conference (Paris, February 17–19) will explore the latest issues and developments confronting central banks and their evolving role as operators, overseers, and catalysts within the payments landscape. The focus will be on cross-border payments, CBDC and tokenization, open finance, instant payments, and financial inclusion, among other topics. When you register get 15% off by using the Kiffmeister15 code. [register here]
The Global Payments Summit (Paris, February 19–21), the second half of Currency Research Payments Week, will explore emerging payments trends and innovations, positioning the ecosystem’s commercial players — banks, PSPs, solution providers — at the center of the discussions. When you register get 15% off by using the Kiffmeister15 code. [register here]
The Digital Euro Conference 2025 (Frankfurt, March 27) will explore the future of money with a focus on CBDCs, stablecoins, tokenized deposits, and the intersection of AI and digital ID. When you register, get 20% off the regular ticket price by using the Kiffmeister20 code! [register here]
And just a reminder that I produce a monthly digest of central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments exclusively for the official sector. So (only)if you work at a central bank, ministry of finance or international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank) and who would like to receive it by email on the first business day of every month, please DM me on LinkedIn or email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
The Bank of Canada (BOC) published a paper that explores the use of privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) in the design of central bank digital currency (CBDC) systems, potentially paving the way for solutions that better safeguard end-user privacy and meet rigorous data protection standards. PETs can offer robust protection for data throughout their lifecycle, whether stored, in transit or during processing, and ensure privacy is maintained even when data are extensively shared or analyzed. However, they can introduce performance overheads and add complexity to systems, and their effectiveness and applicability are currently limited due to their early stage of development. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of how PETs can transform privacy design in financial systems and the implications of their broader adoption. [Read more at the BOC]
The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) unveiled a “Supervisory Incubator for Distributed Ledger Technology”, with tokenized deposits as a major focus. At the individual bank level, the Incubator will offer a one-stop supervisory platform that enables banks to reaffirm the adequacy of their risk management controls prior to the full launch of a DLT-based initiative. By leveraging this platform, banks will have access to a dedicated team from the HKMA for obtaining supervisory feedback and may opt to conduct live trials to validate and refine specific aspects of their risk management implementation under a hands-on and iterative approach, as needed. [Read more at the HKMA]
Sponsored Content:
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Upcoming Speaking Engagements:
The Central Bank Payments Conference (Paris, February 17–19) will explore the latest issues and developments confronting central banks and their evolving role as operators, overseers, and catalysts within the payments landscape. The focus will be on cross-border payments, CBDC and tokenization, open finance, instant payments, and financial inclusion, among other topics. [register here]
The Global Payments Summit (Paris, February 19–21), the second half of Currency Research Payments Week, will explore emerging payments trends and innovations, positioning the ecosystem’s commercial players — banks, PSPs, solution providers — at the center of the discussions. [register here]
The Digital Euro Conference 2025 (Frankfurt, March 27) will explore the future of money with a focus on CBDCs, stablecoins, tokenized deposits, and the intersection of AI and digital ID. When you register, get 20% off the regular ticket price by using the Kiffmeister20 code! [register here]
And just a reminder that I produce a monthly digest of central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments exclusively for the official sector. So (only)if you work at a central bank, ministry of finance or international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank) and who would like to receive it by email on the first business day of every month, please DM me on LinkedIn or email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
The Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ) published the results of a public consultation on New Zealanders’ views on a potential central bank digital currency (CBDC). The vast majority of respondents expressed concern about the potential for government control, privacy, traceability, and autonomy. Many feared “Digital Cash” will be used to facilitate unacceptable intrusion into their privacy or social control, even if it is not originally designed to do so. In that regard, they want assurance that the RBNZ will continue to issue physical cash. In response, the RBNZ said that it remains committed to a privacy-centric design for Digital Cash subject to financial integrity considerations. [Read more at the RBNZ]
Sponsored Content:
Supercharge your CBDC research and deployment strategy with Chavanette’s Alpha Knowledge Platform (⍺LP)—the ultimate resource for deep insights into CBDCs and the ecosystem of CBDC technology providers and solutions. Get insider access to the top 20 CBDC platforms through the GALACTIC GRID, dissected by Chavanette’s expert framework. Lead the digital central banking revolution with the tools necessary to deploy Central Banking 4.0—stay informed, stay bold, stay transformative. Be the leader. Register for access here and get a 10% discount on the first year with the kiffmeister10 code.
Upcoming Speaking Engagements:
Digital Euro Conference 2025, Frankfurt, March 27, 2025. The DEC25 conference will explore the future of money with a focus on CBDCs, stablecoins, tokenized deposits, and the intersection of AI and digital ID. When you register, get 20% off the regular ticket price by using the Kiffmeister20 code! [Find out more and register here]
And just a reminder that I produce a monthly digest of central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments exclusively for the official sector. So (only)if you work at a central bank, ministry of finance or international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank) and who would like to receive it by email on the first business day of every month, please DM me on LinkedIn or email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
The Bank of England (BoE) published a joint report with MIT Digital Currency Initiative (DCI) on how privacy enhancing technologies (PETs) could be used to enhance the privacy of a potential digital pound. The paper focused on pseudonymization, zero-knowledge proofs, and secure multiparty computing. It found that these technologies present opportunities for a central bank digital currency (CBDC) to be at least as private as current forms of digital money and potentially even more private as they mature. While PETs, on their own, do not guarantee privacy, the approaches explored in this paper seek to safeguard consumers’ private information, enable compliance with existing regulations, and strengthen trust and confidence in a digital pound, should one be launched in the future. [Read more at the MIT DCI]
A paper co-written by a European Central Bank (ECB) staffer suggests required fungibility conditions for reserve asset-backed stablecoins issued by different issuers on different platforms. These include interoperable payment and settlement technologies, payment settlement finality, and seamless stablecoin convertibility into the quasi-ultimate means of payment (e.g., central bank money). Also, issuers should have sufficiently strong liquidity and capital positions to meet redemption obligations, including to cover potential variations in liquid off-chain asset price volatility. [Read more at SSRN]
Sponsored Content:
Supercharge your CBDC research and deployment strategy with Chavanette’s Alpha Knowledge Platform (⍺LP)—the ultimate resource for deep insights into CBDCs and the ecosystem of CBDC technology providers and solutions. Get insider access to the top 20 CBDC platforms through the GALACTIC GRID, dissected by Chavanette’s expert framework. Lead the digital central banking revolution with the tools necessary to deploy Central Banking 4.0—stay informed, stay bold, stay transformative. Be the leader. Register for access here and get a 10% discount on the first year with the kiffmeister10 code.
Upcoming Speaking Engagements:
Digital Euro Conference 2025, Frankfurt, March 27, 2025. The DEC25 conference will explore the future of money with a focus on CBDCs, stablecoins, tokenized deposits, and the intersection of AI and digital ID. When you register, get 20% off the regular ticket price by using the Kiffmeister20 code! [Find out more and register here]
And just a reminder that I produce a monthly digest of central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments exclusively for the official sector. So (only)if you work at a central bank, ministry of finance or international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank) and who would like to receive it by email on the first business day of every month, please DM me on LinkedIn or email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
The IMF published a Fintech Note that offers a framework to help countries navigate, as well as tools to help them manage, the trade-offs between central bank digital currency (CBDC) data use and privacy protection. It addresses retail CBDC, as data access and privacy-preserving considerations in a wholesale environment are similar to those of the traditional real-time gross settlement (RTGS) systems. It emphasizes the role of institutional arrangements, data collection, access and storage policies, design choices, and technological solutions. At a given level of preference for privacy, central banks can facilitate better use of CBDC data through robust transparency and accountability arrangements, sound policies, and judicious adoption of privacy-by-design approaches including the use of privacy-enhancing technologies. [Read more at the IMF]
The Bank of Japan (BOJ) published a survey of global deposit tokenization projects. With the emergence of stablecoins, these initiatives seem to seek an extension of functionality in payment and settlement systems by applying new technologies, such as distributed ledger technology (DLT), to bank deposits as a traditional means of payment. The main reason such initiatives prefer leveraging deposit money is said to be its affinity with the two-tier monetary system and possibly with existing laws or regulations. However, there remain some issues that require further clarification on how payments with tokenized deposits are categorized in the private law system, and how smart contracts provide implications for non-functional requirements and legal certainty. [Read more at the BOJ]
Upcoming Speaking Engagements:
CBDC Conference, Istanbul, September 10-12. The conference will offer representatives of central banks, commercial banks, technology providers, policy makers and academics the perfect platform to learn about the latest CBDC developments, exchange ideas with experts and peers. [Find out more and register here][Central bank delegates may be eligible for free registration (email registration@cbdc-conference.com to find out more)]
Digital Currency Conference, London, September 23-24. The conference will bring together policymakers, regulators, and technology and innovation experts to network and discuss all aspects of digital currencies. And enter the KiffmeisterDCC code at registration to get a 20% discount! [Find out more and register here]
And just a reminder that I produce a monthly digest of central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments exclusively for the official sector. So (only)if you work at a central bank, ministry of finance or international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank) and who would like to receive it by email on the first business day of every month, please DM me on LinkedIn or email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
The U.S. Treasury Department Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN) officially withdrew its proposed rule, introduced in 2020, that would have imposed know-your-customer (KYC) requirements on unhosted wallets. Basically, it became clear that it would be practically impossible for virtual asset service providers (VASPs) to implement the proposed rules. [Read more at FederalRegister.gov]
Upcoming Speaking Engagements:
Intertribal Foreign Affairs Council Forum 2024, Yidindji, August 30-31. The conference will bring together indigenous nations to showcase the excellence of their governance practices and generate new ideas for the future. I’ll be on a panel focused on the future of money and indigenous financial inclusion. [Find out more and register here]
CBDC Conference, Istanbul, September 10-12. The conference will offer representatives of central banks, commercial banks, technology providers, policy makers and academics the perfect platform to learn about the latest CBDC developments, exchange ideas with experts and peers. [Find out more and register here][Central bank delegates may be eligible for free registration (email registration@cbdc-conference.com to find out more)]
Digital Currency Conference, London, September 23-24. The conference will bring together policymakers, regulators, and technology and innovation experts to network and discuss all aspects of digital currencies. And enter the KiffmeisterDCC code at registration to get a 20% discount! [Find out more and register here]
And just a reminder that I produce a monthly digest of central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments exclusively for the official sector. So (only)if you work at a central bank, ministry of finance or international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank) and who would like to receive it by email on the first business day of every month, please DM me on LinkedIn or email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
GooglePay, Walmart-backed PhonePe and AmazonPay, plus Indian fintech firms Cred and Mobikwikare, are reportedly seeking to join the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) e-rupee central bank digital currency (CBDC). Initially, the RBI had permitted only banks to offer e-rupee via their mobile applications, but in April 2024 it said payment firms could also offer e-rupee transactions via their platform once approved by the RBI. [Read more at Reuters]
The Federal Reserve Bank of New York (NY Fed) published a study of the impact and effectiveness of regulation in decentralized systems, using sanctions imposed in 2022 by the U.S. Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) on the Tornado Cash (TC) crypto-asset mixer. It documented an immediate and lasting negative impact on TC following the sanction announcement. This conclusion was based on tracking Ethereum block proposers and the builders responsible for selecting transactions for settlement. Many large builders cooperated with the sanctions. A couple of builders who did not comply with the sanctions, acting for philosophical reasons rather than monetary motives, were responsible for most of the ongoing TC transactions. [Read more at the NY Fed]
Intertribal Foreign Affairs Council Forum 2024, Yidindji, August 30-31. The conference will bring together indigenous nations to showcase the excellence of their governance practices and generate new ideas for the future. I’ll be on a panel focused on the future of money and indigenous financial inclusion. [Find out more and register here]
CBDC Conference, Istanbul, September 10-12. The conference will offer representatives of central banks, commercial banks, technology providers, policy makers and academics the perfect platform to learn about the latest CBDC developments, exchange ideas with experts and peers. [Find out more and register here][Central bank delegates may be eligible for free registration (email registration@cbdc-conference.com to find out more)]
Digital Currency Conference, London, September 23-24. The conference will bring together policymakers, regulators, and technology and innovation experts to network and discuss all aspects of digital currencies. And enter the KiffmeisterDCC code at registration to get a 20% discount! [Find out more and register here]
And just a reminder that I produce a monthly digest of central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments exclusively for the official sector. So (only)if you work at a central bank, ministry of finance or international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank) and who would like to receive it by email on the first business day of every month, please DM me on LinkedIn or email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
The International Working Group on Data Protection in Technology (the “Berlin Group”), chaired by the German Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information (BfDI), published a working paper on central bank digital currency (CBDC) privacy-related risk factors. For example, the paper points out that the ECB must take a privacy and data protection by design and by default approach. In addition, it argues that a distributed ledger technology (DLT) architecture does not necessary entail a more privacy friendly solution, because data is immediately visible to all nodes in the network and immutability means that data can never be deleted or rectified (a right that is guaranteed in Europe’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Also, some programmable features imply privacy and civil rights risks that may outweigh the potential benefits, due to legal and ethical concerns (for example automated decision-making without possibility of appeal and/or risk of censorship). [Read more at BfDI]
In 2016 the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) engaged Digital Asset Holdings to replace its aging (launched in 1994) Clearing House Electronic Sub-register System (CHESS) securities settlement system. The replacement was to run with smart contract functionality written in DAML (Digital Assets Modeling Language). The whole project turned out to be a fiasco (check out David Gerard’s timeline here) and it was shutdown in 2022 with ASX writing off AUD$250 million. Plus ASX users effectively wrote off the tens of millions of dollars spent on building interfaces to the failed system. In April 2024, a parliamentary enquiry concluded that the ASX and its regulators should have identified and monitored strategic technical risks such as scalability for the CHESS replacement project more carefully, and enhance their technology skills and experience at the most senior levels, and place less reliance on outsourcing their responsibility to contractors and consultants. [Read more on the Attack of the 50 Foot Blockchain]
Upcoming Speaking Engagements:
CBDC Conference, Istanbul, September 10-12. The conference will offer representatives of central banks, commercial banks, technology providers, policy makers and academics the perfect platform to learn about the latest CBDC developments, exchange ideas with experts and peers. [Find out more and register here][Central bank delegates may be eligible for free registration (email registration@cbdc-conference.com to find out more)]
Digital Currency Conference, London, September 23-24. The conference will bring together policymakers, regulators, and technology and innovation experts to network and discuss all aspects of digital currencies. And enter the KiffmeisterDCC code at registration to get a 20% discount! [Find out more and register here]
And just a reminder that I produce a monthly digest of central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments exclusively for the official sector. So (only)if you work at a central bank, ministry of finance or international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank) and who would like to receive it by email on the first business day of every month, please DM me on LinkedIn or email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
