Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260612)

June 12, 2026June 12, 2026 ~ kiffmeister ~ Leave a comment

Zelle Heads to India, Unveils ZelleUSDSM Stablecoin For Other Markets (Zelle)

Early Warning, the operator of U.S. fast payment system (FPS) Zelle, will launch Zelle in India first for U.S. consumers sending money to family and friends abroad, with initial availability expected before year-end, and it also introduced ZelleUSD (ZLUSD), a U.S. dollar-backed stablecoin intended to support future international payments in other markets. The company framed the move as an expansion of its domestic payments network into cross-border remittances, saying financial institutions could offer near-instant transfers through existing banks and credit unions. [Zelle]

The Anatomy of Stablecoin Transactions (BIS)

The BIS published a paper by Schär, Kosse, Rice, Shirakami, and Siridhasanakul that analyze 593 million Ethereum event logs across 141 million transactions to argue that stablecoin transfers are routinely embedded within atomically executed bundles combining trading, lending, and settlement, distorting standard interpretations of stablecoin activity. While 31.6% of transactions involve such complexity, these generate nearly 60% of all transfer events, meaning transfer-level data misclassifies most observations as standalone payments. USDT, USDC, and PYUSD differ systematically in co-usage, computational burden, urgency, and business-hour alignment, reflecting distinct institutional designs rather than interchangeability. The action-set classification offers supervisors a basis for activity-based oversight, while divergent jurisdictional timing patterns underscore the need for cross-border data-sharing among regulators. [BIS]

Stakeholder Engagement and Roadmap for Philippines Wholesale CBDC (IMF)

The IMF published a technical assistance report on stakeholder engagement and roadmap development for Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas’s (BSP’s) Project Agila wholesale central bank digital currency (wCBDC) project. As part of this work, tokenized government bond settlement and cross-border payments were identified as priority wCBDC use cases. Workshops with financial institutions, the Bureau of the Treasury, and market infrastructure providers highlighted real-time gross settlement (RTGS) system settlement-window limitations, capital market shallowness, and correspondent-banking-dependent cross-border payment inefficiencies. The roadmap calls for cost-benefit analysis of wCBDC against alternatives including trigger solutions and omnibus accounts, although the Securities Clearing Corporation (SCCP) prefers its existing fee-free settlement-bank arrangements, which also provide netting and liquidity-saving features not easily replicated on RTGS, over direct settlement access. Legal framework gaps and financial integrity regulation compliance remain key open issues. [IMF]

BTW if you want to see a complete database of my DFC-related posts going back years, including many that didn’t make the Daily Digest cut, click here.

FYI I produce a monthly digest of digital fiat currency (DFC) developments exclusively for the official sector (e.g., central banks, ministries of finance and international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank)) plus academics and firms that are active in the DFC space (commercial banks, technology providers, consultants, etc.). (DFCs include central bank digital currency (CBDC), stablecoins and tokenized deposits.) It goes out via email on the first business day of every month, and if you’re interested in being on the mailing list, please email me at john@kiffmeister.com.

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260607)

June 7, 2026June 7, 2026 ~ kiffmeister ~ Leave a comment

Roadmap for Wholesale CBDC in the Philippines (IMF)
The IMF published a high-level technical assistance report that proposes a structured roadmap for exploring a wholesale central bank digital currency (wCBDC) in the Philippines, anchored in use cases for tokenized government bond settlement and cross-border payments within the wholesale payment landscape. The IMF used stakeholder workshops to surface pain points—securities settlement inefficiencies, lack of interoperability, and slow, costly cross-border flows—and then prioritize wCBDC applications to address them. The roadmap, organized under the IMF’s “5P” methodology, sequences foundational work (governance, resources, legal underpinnings, risk and suitability analysis) alongside parallel workstreams for each use case, moving from research to proofs of concept. Unresolved issues include legal reforms, coordination with foreign jurisdictions, and empirically demonstrating net system-wide benefits. [IMF]

The Rails Are Almost Ready. Is the Law? (LinkedIn)

A LinkedIn post by the Bank of Israel’s Assaf David-Margalit argues that the Eurosystem’s tokenized-settlement infrastructure (Projects Pontes and Appia) is progressing faster than the legal framework needed to make tokenized-asset settlement in central bank money legally robust and cross-border enforceable. Pontes can be delivered on time because the Eurosystem controls the technical design and build, whereas wholesale-tokenization law depends on European Union (EU) legislative processes, optional “28th regime” techniques, and remains at the level of aspiration rather than a concrete instrument, leaving firms to rely on the Distributed Ledger Technology Pilot Regime and legacy rules. This sequencing gap makes legal certainty, rather than technical readiness, the binding constraint: banks will delay serious adoption until finality, ownership, insolvency treatment, and cross-border enforceability are clarified, so the eventual usefulness of the new rails depends more on lawmaking than engineering. [LinkedIn]

HKMA Establishes Tokenised Bond Expert Group (HKMA)

Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) has created a Tokenised Bond Expert Group to design policy, market practice, and infrastructure changes to scale tokenized bond issuance and trading in Hong Kong’s fixed income market. The group aggregates industry associations, financial institutions, legal firms, and infrastructure and technology providers, and has already begun reviewing how existing legal and regulatory frameworks apply to tokenized bonds. Its initial discussions will feed into an ongoing exercise with the Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau to identify specific legal and regulatory enhancements, with details to follow. [HKMA]

BTW if you want to see a complete database of my DFC-related posts going back years, including many that didn’t make the Daily Digest cut, click here.

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260602)

June 2, 2026June 2, 2026 ~ kiffmeister ~ Leave a comment

MoneyGram Launches MGUSD Stablecoin (MoneyGram)

MoneyGram announced the launch of its MGUSD U.S. dollar stablecoin to underpin its global remittance and payments network. MGUSD is framed as an infrastructure layer integrated into a self-custodial wallet in the MoneyGram app, initially in the United States, using Bridge as regulated issuer, M0 smart contracts and Stellar for settlement, with Fireblocks providing custody. Unresolved are regulatory treatment across markets, interoperability with other stablecoins and systems, and how issuance and reserves will be supervised at scale. [MoneyGram]

Advancing Digital Payments in Bhutan (ADB)

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) published an assessment of Bhutan’s digital payment infrastructure that included an update on Bhutan’s Royal Monetary Authority (RMA) central bank digital currency (CBDC) projects, both retail and wholesale. The aim is to provide more accessible and secure financial services to a broader population, including underserved communities, and streamline cross‑border transactions, including by reducing the need for correspondent banking relationships and simplifying currency conversion processes in international trade. However, the ADB found that there are gaps in existing financial services regulations and payment systems rules will need to be addressed first. [ADB]

Call for Expressions of Interest to Participate in the Appia Contact Group (ECB)

The European Central Bank (ECB) is inviting financial market stakeholders and public sector bodies to express their interest in participating in the Appia Contact Group Appia CG). The Appia project is aimed at enabling the settlement of distributed ledger technology (DLT) transactions using tokenized central bank money (CeBM) via a unified settlement ecosystem. It runs alongside the Pontes project, aimed at settling DLT transactions using API-based trigger and hash-link mechanisms and dedicated DLT cash wallets funded from TARGET accounts, which has its own contact group. The Appia CG will contribute to the Appia roadmap and advise on the operation and evolution of the Pontes pilot. Membership targets future users, contributors to Appia, relevant value‑chain actors, and industry associations. National central banks and selected European authorities participate as observers; the group is chaired and serviced by the European Central Bank and meets quarterly, with work outputs generally published. [ECB]

The ECB Publishes List of Digital Euro Steering Committee Members (ECB)

The European Central Bank (ECB) published the members of the Eurosystem’s High-Level Task Force on Digital Euro, which steers the digital euro project and reports to the ECB’s Governing Council. It is made up of members from national central banks of the Eurosystem. [ECB]

BTW if you want to see a complete database of my DFC-related posts going back years, including many that didn’t make the Daily Digest cut, click here.

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260531)

May 31, 2026May 31, 2026 ~ kiffmeister ~ Leave a comment

From Lottery Draws to Fiscal Spending, China Broadens Digital Yuan Footprint (Reuters)

Reuters published an article that argues China is accelerating efforts to embed the digital yuan in domestic fiscal operations and cross-border trade as part of a broader push to reduce dollar dependence. The piece details new People’s Bank of China incentives that treat digital yuan balances as deposit liabilities, sharpen bank performance metrics around e‑CNY accounts, and expand pilots into lottery payouts, prepaid cards, budgetary spending, medical insurance controls, and green electricity tracking. The article highlights structural constraints, including the small transactional base relative to UnionPay and tepid foreign demand, and notes that cross‑border ambitions via platforms such as mBridge face counterparties’ limited willingness to adopt the currency, leaving the pace of yuan internationalization uncertain. [Reuters]

Why Tokenized Finance Needs Open, Testable, Verifiable Evidence of What Actually Moves (X)

Mike Rogers posted an essay on X that argues that tokenized finance must be judged by empirically verifiable capital movement, not by issuance, branding, or architectural claims, in a context where tokenization is migrating from pilots to “infrastructure” rhetoric. It highlights a measurement gap: faster, intraday tokenized collateral and money market fund structures can move between legacy end‑of‑day reporting snapshots, making velocity and reuse harder to observe with existing regulatory frames. The author criticizes the field’s reliance on stock metrics and “permission structure” signals (legal setup, institutional papers, conferences) as proxies for realized flow, and proposes a “turnover framework” and “evidence lane” that insist on reconstructable, externally testable records of what moved, when, under what authority, and with what settlement proof. The core unresolved issue is whether major tokenization initiatives will expose sufficient, standardized, independently inspectable movement data to substantiate claims about liquidity, collateral efficiency, and settlement gains. [X]

BTW if you want to see a complete database of my DFC-related posts going back years, including many that didn’t make the Daily Digest cut, click here.

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260529)

May 29, 2026May 29, 2026 ~ kiffmeister ~ Leave a comment

Reserve Bank of India Updates on its CBDC Pilot Programs (RBI)

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) published its 2025–26 Annual Report in which it provided updates on its multiple retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) pilots tied to direct benefit transfer (DBT) schemes. These included using programmable retail CBDC to distribute food subsidies. Beneficiaries in Gujarat, Puducherry, and Chandigarh received subsidies in CBDC form that could be redeemed only for eligible goods at designated merchants, demonstrating the technology’s ability to target and restrict spending. The RBI views programmability as a key feature for public-sector use cases and plans to extend CBDC pilots to additional DBT programs and broader domestic retail applications during 2026–27. [RBI]

The RBI also reported on its wholesale CBDC pilots. During 2025–26 it developed the Unified Markets Interface (UMI), a platform designed to support tokenized financial assets while using wholesale CBDC for settlement. A pilot involving tokenized certificates of deposit was launched on the platform. The RBI also advanced cross-border wholesale CBDC work through cooperation with Singapore and the UAE and by joining BIS Innovation Hub initiatives Project Rialto and Project Mandala. Looking ahead, it plans additional tokenization pilots, broader participation in UMI-based experiments, and the operationalization of bilateral cross-border CBDC pilots with selected use cases. [RBI]

Eurosystem Moves Toward Extending T2 Operating Hours (ECB)

The European Central Bank (ECB) is proposing a phased extension of TARGET (Trans-European Automated Real-time Gross Settlement Express Transfer) operating hours, in the context of growing instant payments, cross‑border payment reforms and forthcoming distributed ledger technology (DLT) and digital euro services. In the short term it will (i) automatically remunerate excess reserves on all TARGET current accounts, including TARGET Instant Payment Settlement (TIPS) dedicated cash accounts, (ii) introduce rule‑based floor‑ and ceiling‑driven automated liquidity transfers between TIPS cash accounts and main cash accounts via Central Liquidity Management (CLM), and (iii) add a brief weekend TARGET window for liquidity transfers, without changing value‑dating. Medium‑ to long‑term options include near‑24/7 CLM, near‑24/5 real-time gross settlement, later cut‑off times and weekend opening of the Eurosystem Collateral Management System, with open questions on liquidity and run risk when markets are closed, collateral and staffing costs, cyber risk and the alignment of remuneration and value-dating. [ECB].

Research Project on the Master Plan Development for Pacific Island Countries (Fortience)

[March 22, 2026] Fortience (QUNIE) published selection results stating that, under Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry “Global South Future‑Oriented Co‑Creation” program, ABeam Consulting had been chosen for a “Research Project on the Master Plan Development for the Introduction of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) for Cross-Border Payments in Pacific Island Countries.” The RFP window had run from 7 October to 1 November 2024, and the contract’s implementation period was defined as approximately one year from signing, capped at 28 February 2026, implying that most substantive work should have been completed before the March 2026 announcement. The description notes the use of Soramitsu’s blockchain and cites countries “such as Tonga, Samoa, and Cook Islands,” but no master plan, technical design, or central‑bank response linked to this project has been published. [Fortience]

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260521)

May 21, 2026May 21, 2026 ~ kiffmeister

EC Seeks Feedback on the Functioning of EU Crypto-Asset Rules (EC)

The European Commission (EC) launched a consultation to evaluate whether the Markets in Crypto‑Assets Regulation (MiCA), implemented in 2024, remains fit for purpose given rapid changes in digital asset markets and global regulation. It seeks feedback on MiCA’s core building blocks, including rules for crypto‑assets, asset‑referenced tokens, e‑money tokens, their issuers and service providers. There is an open public consultation and a more technical targeted consultation for industry and public authorities. Responses are invited until August 31, 2026 and will inform future European Union (EU) policy on digital assets. [EC]

ECB Receives over 50 PSP Applications to Participate in Digital Euro Pilot (ECB)

The European Central Bank(ECB) announced that it has received over 50 applications to participate in the twelve-month digital euro pilot scheduled to begin in the second half of 2027. Applications came from both acquiring and distributing payment service providers (PSPs) and small and large banks from across the euro area. It will use a non‑legal‑tender “beta” digital euro in a controlled environment to test technical, operational and user experience (UX) aspects of P2P (online/offline) and P2B payments at physical and online points of sale. PSPs will onboard users and merchants without remuneration. The ECB will now review the applications and announce the outcome in July. [ECB via LinkedIn]

The Future of Tokenisation – A Joint Vision from the BOE and FCA for Wholesale Markets (UK FCA)

The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and Bank of England issue a call for input on a joint roadmap to scale tokenisation across U.K. wholesale markets, with responses due 3 July 2026. They seek views on: where tokenisation delivers the highest marginal benefit; whether their proposed regulatory principles and priority areas are appropriate; how far existing rules impede tokenised issuance, trading, and settlement; and where interoperability (domestic and cross‑border) standards matter most for firms. The paper also requests detailed feedback on safeguarding frameworks for specified investment cryptoassets, including how to structure client‑asset protection, legal title, and fungibility when tokenised and non‑tokenised forms coexist. Finally, they ask industry to comment on the proposed sequencing and content of initiatives (Digital Securities Sandbox, prudential alignment, central bank money settlement, DIGIT pilot), and to flag concrete product pipelines or experiments where early supervisory engagement would unlock investment. [UK FCA]

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260518)

May 18, 2026May 18, 2026 ~ kiffmeister

RBA and DFCRC Release Findings From Project Acacia (RBA)

The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) and Digital Finance Cooperative Research Centre (DFCRC) published a report detailing the findings of Project Acacia, which examined how innovations in digital money and settlement infrastructure could support the development of wholesale tokenized asset markets in Australia. They tested 20 wholesale tokenized asset use cases across fixed income, repos, and managed funds. Atomic settlement, programmability, and composability benefits were demonstrated across asset classes, estimating A$24 billion in annual economic gains. Pilot wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) proved feasible on third-party distributed ledger technology (DLT) platforms but raised governance, finality, and liquidity fragmentation challenges. Real-time gross settlement (RTGS) synchronization mechanisms delivered comparable benefits at lower complexity. Deposit tokens are assessed as more suitable than stablecoins for wholesale settlement given prudential backing, though interbank transferability and deposit insurance scheme coverage require legislative clarification. They identified legal and regulatory uncertainty, coordination gaps, and interoperability as scaling barriers, motivating a post-Acacia program including a digital financial market infrastructure sandbox, expanded deposit token work, and RBA settlement infrastructure consultations. [RBA]

The University of Toronto Press published a book by lawyer and law professor Benjamin Geva on the evolution of money from barter to coins, banknotes, scriptural money, electronic money, and digital currencies. Of course, this has all been covered elsewhere, but what makes this book unique, is the deep, yet very readable, focus on legal aspects, particularly from the perspective of the Canadian monetary regime. The latter includes a thorough history going back to New France’s use of agricultural commodities and playing cards as money, to Bank of Canada explorations of both retail and wholesale central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). The book also extensively covers the legal aspects of virtual currencies, particularly stablecoins, and digital bearer instruments (DBIs). Interestingly, Geva makes a case for DBIs as the optimal Canadian retail CBDC as a path of least resistance through the Bank of Canada and Currency Acts, plus several architectural, economic, and privacy advantages over account-based platforms. He also singles out synthetic CBDCs as an optimal solution for achieving uniformity of money in a framework allowing competition. The book ends by addressing the challenges faced by the current monetary system as the digital age continues to evolve and become more decentralized. [To order the book, click here]

I am honored to have been given the opportunity to contribute a chapter to the soon-to-be released book, Tokenisation of Money: From Fiat Currencies to Stablecoins, published by Springer! Expertly edited by Prof. Selim Yazıcı, Prof. C. Coşkun Küçüközmen, and Dr. Michael Salmony, it serves as a critical handbook for navigating the profound transformation of the global financial services industry. At a time when there is substantial confusion regarding new digital instruments, this book distinguishes reality from hype across the dimensions of CBDCs, stablecoins, and tokenized deposits. In my contribution, I provide an overview and reality check on global retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments. The book will be available via digital platforms by the end of May and you can pre-order the hard cover version here: https://link.springer.com/book/9783032229458!

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260505)

May 5, 2026May 5, 2026 ~ kiffmeister

Legal Tender -A Barbarous Relic in the Digital Currency Era (SSRN)

In a paper posted on SSRN, Christian Pfister argues that granting legal tender status to retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) in advanced economies is a conceptually weak and potentially distortionary extension of a historically contingent, often obsolete institution. The paper critiques recent IMF legal analyses for presuming a “digital cash” equivalence and for conflating the unit of account, the issuer, and specific payment instruments when defining legal tender. Pfister shows that modern payment efficiency, financial inclusion, and safety can be achieved through regulation and public infrastructure without legal tender, and that combining legal tender status with regulated aggressive pricing of public rails could crowd out deposits, weaken bank intermediation, and recreate public “walled gardens.” This raises a core design question: whether any residual role for legal tender should attach to the unit of account, central bank liabilities, or particular instruments, and how to do so without impairing monetary transmission, competition, or innovation. [SSRN]

Digital Money and the Architecture of Trust (Banca d’Italia)

Chiara Scotti, Deputy Governor of Banca d’Italia, argues that debates on central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), stablecoins and tokenized deposits must shift from instruments to system architecture, with trust and “singleness of money” anchored in central bank money and regulatory design. She proposes a seven‑dimensional framework (efficiency, trust/convertibility, stability, market functioning, intermediation, transmission, regulation) focused on bearer versus non‑bearer design, settlement inside or outside the central bank core, and reserve structures. This framing highlights unresolved questions about how tokenized private monies reshape monetary policy transmission, safe‑asset demand and bank funding, and whether European tokenization should extend existing infrastructures such as the Single Euro Payments Area rather than rely on new private rails. [Banca d’Italia]

Progressing Fund Tokenisation (UK FCA)

The UK Financial Conduct Authority (UK FCA)sets out final rules and guidance to accelerate tokenisation of authorised funds and introduce an optional “direct to fund” dealing model using issues-and-cancellations accounts instead of manager box dealing. The statement clarifies that on-chain ledgers can be primary books and records, public distributed ledgers and smart contracts are permitted subject to outcome‑based controls, and tokenised units may sit across multiple blockchains within a class. It tightens ring‑fencing around umbrella cash by constraining omnibus issue-and-cancellation accounts under protected cell legislation, while dropping a proposed mandatory client‑money fallback and instead imposing enhanced reconciliation and unattributed‑cash rules. The package signals openness to stablecoins and tokenised gilts for settlement and operations under an interim waiver‑based regime, while deferring full alignment with the new crypto-asset framework and future composable “tokenised portfolio management” models. [UK FCA]

The BCEAO Invites Submissions for Research on Financial Inclusion (BCEAO)

The Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) is inviting submissions for the 2026 Abdoulaye FADIGA Prize, which rewards high‑quality economic research on West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) economies. It explicitly invites research on financial inclusion and digital innovation, including work on how cryptocurrencies, mobile money, central bank digital currencies, and fintech can expand access to financial services in WAEMU, while rigorously assessing associated risks, regulatory and supervisory implications, and their interaction with payment systems, financial stability, and monetary policy transmission in the Union. [BCEAO]

I am honored to have been given the opportunity to contribute a chapter to the soon-to-be released book, Tokenisation of Money: From Fiat Currencies to Stablecoins, published by Springer! Expertly edited by Prof. Selim Yazıcı, Prof. C. Coşkun Küçüközmen, and Dr. Michael Salmony, it serves as a critical handbook for navigating the profound transformation of the global financial services industry. At a time when there is substantial confusion regarding new digital instruments, this book distinguishes reality from hype across the dimensions of CBDCs, stablecoins, and tokenized deposits. In my contribution, I provide an overview and reality check on global retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments. The book will be available via digital platforms by the end of May and you can pre-order the hard cover version here: https://link.springer.com/book/9783032229458!

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260504)

May 4, 2026May 4, 2026 ~ kiffmeister

I am honored to announce that I have contributed a chapter to the soon-to-be released book, Tokenisation of Money: From Fiat Currencies to Stablecoins, published by Springer! Expertly edited by Prof. Selim Yazıcı, Prof. C. Coşkun Küçüközmen, and Dr. Michael Salmony, it serves as a critical handbook for navigating the profound transformation of the global financial services industry. At a time when there is substantial confusion regarding new digital instruments, this book distinguishes reality from hype across the dimensions of CBDCs, stablecoins, and tokenized deposits. In my contribution, I provide an overview and reality check on global retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments. The book will be available via digital platforms by the end of May and you can pre-order the hard cover version here: https://link.springer.com/book/9783032229458!

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260421)

April 21, 2026April 21, 2026 ~ kiffmeister

Bank of Korea’s New Governor Vows to Push CBDC and Deposit Tokens (The Block)

Bank of Korea’s new Governor and ex-BIS Chief Economist, Hyun Song Shin, used his inauguration speech to pledge support for expanding central bank digital currency (CBDC) and bank-issued deposit tokens through the second phase of Project Hangang and cooperation with global initiatives like BIS’s Project Agora to strengthen the won’s role in digital payments, while emphasizing price stability amid external shocks. He conspicuously omitted any reference to won-pegged stablecoins even as lawmakers, backed by President Lee Jae-myung, work on a Digital Asset Basic Act to legally frame local stablecoins, and major financial firms prepare related products, with the bill’s progress delayed until after June regional elections. [The Block]

Launch of POC for digital collateral management using JGBs (JSCC)

Japan Securities Clearing Corporation (JSCC) will run a proof of concept (POC) with Mizuho, Nomura and Digital Asset to use Japanese government bonds (JGBs) as onchain collateral on the Canton Network, testing whether JGBs can be transferred and managed digitally while retaining their legal status and enabling 24/7, potentially cross-border, real-time collateral transactions under existing Japanese law. The trial, backed by Japan’s Financial Services Agency under its Payment Innovation Project, aims to inform how one of the world’s largest sovereign bond markets could support digital collateral processes without changing current legal and supervisory frameworks, and follows earlier Canton pilots with tokenized US Treasuries and parallel UK experiments with digital gilts in the Bank of England’s Digital Securities Sandbox. [JSCC]