The Bank of Ghana (BOG) published draft guidelines on digital asset regulation for feedback from the public and industry stakeholders. The central bank proposes an eight-pillar crypto regulation framework, mainly intensifying the registration and reporting requirements of crypto exchanges or virtual asset service providers (VASPs). The proposed regulations will require crypto exchanges to monitor and report suspicious transactions and comply with the Financial Action Task Force’s (FATF’s) Travel Rule. [Read more at the BOG]
The European Central Bank (ECB) is planning a special focus workshop on innovations in business-to-business (B2B) payments and the role digital central bank money could play on October 9, 2024. The potential of private undertakings such as e-money tokens (e.g., stablecoins), commercial bank money tokens (CBMT) and other, similar forms will also be discussed. The workshop would be an opportunity to gather input from stakeholders on the challenges and needs arising from new uses cases related to B2B payments. It would also provide a forum in which to assess these against the objectives of the ongoing initiatives both of the European payments industry and the Eurosystem’s retail payments strategy and initiatives. [Read more at the ECB]
Upcoming Speaking Engagements:
Intertribal Foreign Affairs Council Forum 2024, Yidindji, August 30-31. The conference will bring together indigenous nations to showcase the excellence of their governance practices and generate new ideas for the future. I’ll be on a panel focused on the future of money and indigenous financial inclusion. [Find out more and register here]
CBDC Conference, Istanbul, September 10-12. The conference will offer representatives of central banks, commercial banks, technology providers, policy makers and academics the perfect platform to learn about the latest CBDC developments, exchange ideas with experts and peers. [Find out more and register here][Central bank delegates may be eligible for free registration (email registration@cbdc-conference.com to find out more)]
Digital Currency Conference, London, September 23-24. The conference will bring together policymakers, regulators, and technology and innovation experts to network and discuss all aspects of digital currencies. And enter the KiffmeisterDCC code at registration to get a 20% discount! [Find out more and register here]
And just a reminder that I produce a monthly digest of central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments exclusively for the official sector. So (only)if you work at a central bank, ministry of finance or international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank) and who would like to receive it by email on the first business day of every month, please DM me on LinkedIn or email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
Starting with iOS 18.1, iOS developers will be able to offer near-field communication (NFC) contactless transactions using the secure element (SE) from within their own apps on iPhones, separate from Apple Pay and Apple Wallet. Using the new NFC and SE, application programming interfaces (APIs), developers will be able to offer in-app contactless transactions for in-store payments, car keys, closed-loop transit, corporate badges, student IDs, home keys, hotel keys, merchant loyalty and rewards cards, and event tickets, with government IDs to be supported in the future. The only catch is that developers will need to enter into a commercial agreement with Apple, request the NFC and SE entitlement, and pay the associated fees. [Read more at Apple]
This follows a commitment made by Apple to the European Commission in July 2024 to grant European iOS developers similar NFC and SE access to address antitrust charges. Even the new commitment is not fully global in scope. The NFC and SE APIs will only be available to developers in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, although additional locations are said to follow.
According to National Commercial Bank (NCB) Jamaica, the sole commercial bank providing wallets for JAM-DEX, the use of the central bank digital currency (CBDC) has been low. NCB CEO Jamaica Bruce Bowen said this may be linked to the few usage options for the CBDC, along with the process. Merchant adoption has been slow, despite the Bank of Jamaica committing funds earlier in 2024 for a technology provider to upgrade 10,000 of the more modern point of sale (POS) machines to support JAM-DEX. Also, Bowen noted that usage of NCB’s Lynk digital wallet has been strong, few users are converting their bank deposit balances to JAM-DEX. [Read more at Radio Jamaica News]
The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) has sued the Australian Securities Exchange’s (ASX), alleging it made “misleading and deceptive” statements over its now-abandoned project to replace its aging systems with blockchain technology. ASIC claims the ASX had no “reasonable basis” to publish statements that claimed its Clearing House Electronic Subregister System (CHESS) trading platform was “on track for go-live” and was “progressing well”, when in fact it “was not tracking to plan”. [Read more at ASIC]
Upcoming Speaking Engagements:
Intertribal Foreign Affairs Council Forum 2024, Yidindji, August 30-31. The conference will bring together indigenous nations to showcase the excellence of their governance practices and generate new ideas for the future. I’ll be on a panel focused on the future of money and indigenous financial inclusion. [Find out more and register here]
CBDC Conference, Istanbul, September 10-12. The conference will offer representatives of central banks, commercial banks, technology providers, policy makers and academics the perfect platform to learn about the latest CBDC developments, exchange ideas with experts and peers. [Find out more and register here][Central bank delegates may be eligible for free registration (email registration@cbdc-conference.com to find out more)]
Digital Currency Conference, London, September 23-24. The conference will bring together policymakers, regulators, and technology and innovation experts to network and discuss all aspects of digital currencies. And enter the KiffmeisterDCC code at registration to get a 20% discount! [Find out more and register here]
And just a reminder that I produce a monthly digest of central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments exclusively for the official sector. So (only)if you work at a central bank, ministry of finance or international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank) and who would like to receive it by email on the first business day of every month, please DM me on LinkedIn or email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
Four German firms, DG Nexolution, DZ Bank, Festo and Giesecke+Devrient (G+D) have developed a prototype solution to support machine to machine (M2M) payments in offline mode using tokenized deposits. “Offline” in this case means that the machines are not connected to the public Internet or a company network. The data exchange during payment is either wired via Ethernet or wirelessly via Bluetooth, near-field communication (NFC) or a wireless local area network (WLAN). Therefore, the technology can also be used in security areas or in difficult environments such as mining., and with older machines that are not connected to networks can be integrated. The prototype demonstration involves two wallets integrated with control units typically used on machines. A smart card is used to load money into the wallet, and the machines can transfer money between them. [Read more at DG Nexolution]
The U.S. Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia (Philly Fed) published a paper on difference in how large holders of Ethereum (ETH) behave compared with smaller holders of ETH relative to price movements and the volatility of the cryptocurrency. It finds that large ETH holders tend to increase their ETH holdings prior to a price increase, while small ETH holders tend to reduce their ETH holdings prior to a price increase. In other words, ETH returns tend to move in the direction that benefits crypto “whales” while reducing returns (or increasing loss) to “minnows.” Additionally, it finds that the volatility of ETH returns seems to be driven by small retail investors rather than by the crypto whales. While these price dynamics do not necessarily suggest that there is overt market manipulation occurring within the ETH market, understanding them is essential for regulators in designing policies and guidelines to discourage abusive behavior and for market participants to better manage risk in crypto markets. [Read more at the Philly Fed]
Upcoming Speaking Engagements:
Intertribal Foreign Affairs Council Forum 2024, Yidindji, August 30-31. The conference will bring together indigenous nations to showcase the excellence of their governance practices and generate new ideas for the future. I’ll be on a panel focused on the future of money and indigenous financial inclusion. [Find out more and register here]
CBDC Conference, Istanbul, September 10-12. The conference will offer representatives of central banks, commercial banks, technology providers, policy makers and academics the perfect platform to learn about the latest CBDC developments, exchange ideas with experts and peers. [Find out more and register here][Central bank delegates may be eligible for free registration (email registration@cbdc-conference.com to find out more)]
Digital Currency Conference, London, September 23-24. The conference will bring together policymakers, regulators, and technology and innovation experts to network and discuss all aspects of digital currencies. And enter the KiffmeisterDCC code at registration to get a 20% discount! [Find out more and register here]
And just a reminder that I produce a monthly digest of central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments exclusively for the official sector. So (only)if you work at a central bank, ministry of finance or international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank) and who would like to receive it by email on the first business day of every month, please DM me on LinkedIn or email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
103 central banks have recently launched, piloted, experimented with and/or researched retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) not including two that started issuing retail CBDC and then shut the platforms down (Ecuador and Finland). Keep in mind that I don’t count all of the individual national central banks that are part of currency unions (e.g., the European or Eastern Caribbean Currency Unions). If I did the tally that way, my count would be around the oft-quoted 130+ central banks. Also, the table was compiled from publicly available sources, including the media and central bank websites, and not verified through official channels. If I’m missing anything, or you find mistakes in the tabulation, please let me know in the comments! (See the notes below the table for more information on how it was compiled.)
Notes: The difference between a “pilot” and “proof of concept” (POC) is that a pilot involves actual users, whereas a POC does not, even though some POCs may involve central bank staff. Also, because the tabulation is based only on publicly-available information, it is likely that there is some POC activity in the “research” category, but no announcements have been made. Finally, entries that are crossed through indicate that the projects have been shut down.
Crunchfish published a paper that argues that virtual secure elements (SEs) provide better security to retail CBDC offline platforms than hardware-based SEs. It says that hardware-based SEs are less secure due to the separation from payment app that breaks the chain of trust between the two communicating endpoints. This can result in potential attacks by replacing either endpoint with malicious ones or tampering with them and modifying their behavior during runtime. As the hardware-based SE does not have full visibility of the payment app and the mobile operating system (OS), it cannot determine the identity of the app or whether the app has been tampered with, and must “blindly” trust the OS and the app. A trusted client application for offline payments implemented in an app-integrated virtual secure element, on the other hand, has no trust gap issues and runs securely even on rooted/jailbroken mobile devices. [Read more at Crunchfish]
G+D’s Lars Hupel writes that eSIMs replace traditional, removable SIM cards with an embedded SIM chip directly on the device. SIM cards no longer need to be physically replaced for an update. Instead, a new eSIM can be simply downloaded. Starting with the iPhone 14 in 2022, Apple has stopped shipping physical SIM trays in the US. New models use eSIM only. By 2030, the eSIM adoption rate will reach 80% in Latin America, Southeast Asia and the Eurozone, while Middle East and North Africa is expected to reach 70%. Secure central bank digital currency (CBDC) wallets could be run easily on eSIMs. https://www.gi-de.com/en/spotlight/digital-security/time-to-adopt-the-esim [Read more on LinkedIn and G+D]
Upcoming Speaking Engagements:
Intertribal Foreign Affairs Council Forum 2024, Yidindji, August 30-31. The conference will bring together indigenous nations to showcase the excellence of their governance practices and generate new ideas for the future. I’ll be on a panel focused on the future of money and indigenous financial inclusion. [Find out more and register here]
CBDC Conference, Istanbul, September 10-12. The conference will offer representatives of central banks, commercial banks, technology providers, policy makers and academics the perfect platform to learn about the latest CBDC developments, exchange ideas with experts and peers. [Find out more and register here][Central bank delegates may be eligible for free registration (email registration@cbdc-conference.com to find out more)]
Digital Currency Conference, London, September 23-24. The conference will bring together policymakers, regulators, and technology and innovation experts to network and discuss all aspects of digital currencies. And enter the KiffmeisterDCC code at registration to get a 20% discount! [Find out more and register here]
And just a reminder that I produce a monthly digest of central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments exclusively for the official sector. So (only)if you work at a central bank, ministry of finance or international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank) and who would like to receive it by email on the first business day of every month, please DM me on LinkedIn or email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
The National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic (NBKR) published a draft of proposed amendments to the country’s central banking legislation to firm up the legal status of a digital som central bank digital currency (CBDC). These amendments affect eight key legislative acts, including the Civil Code, Budget Code, Code of Offenses, Tax Code, Law on Consumer Protection, Law on Payment Systems, and Law on Banks and Banking Activity. Public feedback, comments and suggestions must be submitted by September 7, 2024. [Read the amendments here]
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is reportedly not likely to appeal the August 7, 2024 ruling on its Ripple Labs lawsuit. Although the judge ruled against Ripple, the $125 million civil penalty imposed was less than the $2 billion that the SEC was seeking. However, an injunction was imposed to prevent further violations of Section 5 of the Securities Act, regarding Ripple’s sales of XRP tokens. Also, the SEC expressed satisfaction in a statement provided to Fox News, that the Court found that Ripple has shown a “willingness to push the boundaries of the [Court’s summary judgment] Order [that] evinces a likelihood that it will eventually (if it has not already) cross the line”. [Read more on X]
Upcoming Speaking Engagements:
Intertribal Foreign Affairs Council Forum 2024, Yidindji, August 30-31. The conference will bring together indigenous nations to showcase the excellence of their governance practices and generate new ideas for the future. I’ll be on a panel focused on the future of money and indigenous financial inclusion. [Find out more and register here]
CBDC Conference, Istanbul, September 10-12. The conference will offer representatives of central banks, commercial banks, technology providers, policy makers and academics the perfect platform to learn about the latest CBDC developments, exchange ideas with experts and peers. [Find out more and register here][Central bank delegates may be eligible for free registration (email registration@cbdc-conference.com to find out more)]
Digital Currency Conference, London, September 23-24. The conference will bring together policymakers, regulators, and technology and innovation experts to network and discuss all aspects of digital currencies. And enter the KiffmeisterDCC code at registration to get a 20% discount! [Find out more and register here]
And just a reminder that I produce a monthly digest of central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments exclusively for the official sector. So (only)if you work at a central bank, ministry of finance or international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank) and who would like to receive it by email on the first business day of every month, please DM me on LinkedIn or email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
The CBDCTracker.org database has been updated, now counting a total of 102 jurisdictions and/or currency unions engaged in central bank digital currency (CBDC) research. Note that the Euro area, the Eastern Caribbean Economic and Currency Union and Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa are currency unions and only count as one. For more information, please read Jonas Gross’s summary of recent developments [here] and visit the CBDCTracker.org website.
U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York Judge Analisa Torres has ordered Ripple Labs to pay a $125 million civil penalty and said the firm was “permanently restrained and enjoined” from violating U.S. securities laws as part of a case brought by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regarding Ripple’s sales of XRP tokens. The penalty is less than the $2 billion that the SEC was seeking, but more than the $10 million maximum that Ripple had proposed. Although this seemingly closes the long-running case, the SEC may appeal the judgment. Also, Judge Torres expressed doubts that Ripple won’t violate federal securities laws in the future give “Ripple’s willingness to push the boundaries” of the court order. [Read the judgment here]
Upcoming Speaking Engagements:
Intertribal Foreign Affairs Council Forum 2024, Yidindji, August 30-31. The conference will bring together indigenous nations to showcase the excellence of their governance practices and generate new ideas for the future. I’ll be on a panel focused on the future of money and indigenous financial inclusion. [Find out more and register here]
CBDC Conference, Istanbul, September 10-12. The conference will offer representatives of central banks, commercial banks, technology providers, policy makers and academics the perfect platform to learn about the latest CBDC developments, exchange ideas with experts and peers. [Find out more and register here][Central bank delegates may be eligible for free registration (email registration@cbdc-conference.com to find out more)]
Digital Currency Conference, London, September 23-24. The conference will bring together policymakers, regulators, and technology and innovation experts to network and discuss all aspects of digital currencies. And enter the KiffmeisterDCC code at registration to get a 20% discount! [Find out more and register here]
And just a reminder that I produce a monthly digest of central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments exclusively for the official sector. So (only)if you work at a central bank, ministry of finance or international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank) and who would like to receive it by email on the first business day of every month, please DM me on LinkedIn or email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
GooglePay, Walmart-backed PhonePe and AmazonPay, plus Indian fintech firms Cred and Mobikwikare, are reportedly seeking to join the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) e-rupee central bank digital currency (CBDC). Initially, the RBI had permitted only banks to offer e-rupee via their mobile applications, but in April 2024 it said payment firms could also offer e-rupee transactions via their platform once approved by the RBI. [Read more at Reuters]
The Federal Reserve Bank of New York (NY Fed) published a study of the impact and effectiveness of regulation in decentralized systems, using sanctions imposed in 2022 by the U.S. Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) on the Tornado Cash (TC) crypto-asset mixer. It documented an immediate and lasting negative impact on TC following the sanction announcement. This conclusion was based on tracking Ethereum block proposers and the builders responsible for selecting transactions for settlement. Many large builders cooperated with the sanctions. A couple of builders who did not comply with the sanctions, acting for philosophical reasons rather than monetary motives, were responsible for most of the ongoing TC transactions. [Read more at the NY Fed]
Intertribal Foreign Affairs Council Forum 2024, Yidindji, August 30-31. The conference will bring together indigenous nations to showcase the excellence of their governance practices and generate new ideas for the future. I’ll be on a panel focused on the future of money and indigenous financial inclusion. [Find out more and register here]
CBDC Conference, Istanbul, September 10-12. The conference will offer representatives of central banks, commercial banks, technology providers, policy makers and academics the perfect platform to learn about the latest CBDC developments, exchange ideas with experts and peers. [Find out more and register here][Central bank delegates may be eligible for free registration (email registration@cbdc-conference.com to find out more)]
Digital Currency Conference, London, September 23-24. The conference will bring together policymakers, regulators, and technology and innovation experts to network and discuss all aspects of digital currencies. And enter the KiffmeisterDCC code at registration to get a 20% discount! [Find out more and register here]
And just a reminder that I produce a monthly digest of central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments exclusively for the official sector. So (only)if you work at a central bank, ministry of finance or international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank) and who would like to receive it by email on the first business day of every month, please DM me on LinkedIn or email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
The Bank of Japan (BOJ) published an executive summary of a presentation and panel session on the “future of wholesale payments at the FIN/SUM 2024 on March 6, 2024. Three consecutive sessions the course of developments in this area, the emergence of new forms of money, and challenges of the current practice. Of these sessions, the panel discussions brought together business leaders, industry experts, and academics to illustrate the future landscape of the wholesale payments ecosystem. [Read more at the BOJ]
A key aim of the National Bank of Cambodia’s Bakong digital currency payment system, launched in 2020, was to encourage a higher proportion of transactions in the local riel rather than dollars. Cambodia is a heavily dollarized country with roughly 80% of transactions taking place in US dollars. However, during the first half of 2024 the riel was used in 43% of Bakong transactions, versus 34.2% in 2023. One of the key tactics to encourage use of the local currency is to only support cross-border payments using riel. According to Leger Insights, while often described incorrectly as a central bank digital currency (CBDC), “Bakong is closer to a tokenized deposit initiative with the Bakong currency backed by balances at commercial banks”. [Read more at Ledger Insights]
Upcoming Speaking Engagements:
Intertribal Foreign Affairs Council Forum 2024, Yidindji, August 30-31. The conference will bring together indigenous nations to showcase the excellence of their governance practices and generate new ideas for the future. I’ll be on a panel focused on the future of money and indigenous financial inclusion. [Find out more and register here]
CBDC Conference, Istanbul, September 10-12. The conference will offer representatives of central banks, commercial banks, technology providers, policy makers and academics the perfect platform to learn about the latest CBDC developments, exchange ideas with experts and peers. [Find out more and register here][Central bank delegates may be eligible for free registration (email registration@cbdc-conference.com to find out more)]
Digital Currency Conference, London, September 23-24. The conference will bring together policymakers, regulators, and technology and innovation experts to network and discuss all aspects of digital currencies. And enter the KiffmeisterDCC code at registration to get a 20% discount! [Find out more and register here]
And just a reminder that I produce a monthly digest of central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments exclusively for the official sector. So (only)if you work at a central bank, ministry of finance or international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank) and who would like to receive it by email on the first business day of every month, please DM me on LinkedIn or email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
Bank Indonesia (BI) published its Indonesian Payment System Blueprint (BSPI) 2030, in which it provides an update on its digital rupiah central bank digital currency (CBDC) work. The central bank completed the first of three proof of concept phases CBDC work during the first half of 2024, the basic issuance and redemption of a distributed ledger technology (DLT) based wholesale CBDC . The BI is now readying to start the second phase in which it plans to explore the integration of a wCBDC with a digital securities ledger to test issuing, transferring and redeeming digital securities, conduct central bank operations, and extending the functionality of digital securities, including programmability, composability and tokenization. [Read the full report (in Indonesian) at the BI]
The Central Bank of Azerbaijan (CBA) reportedly has no plans to issue a CBDC, as it currently sees no prospects for its successful implementation. Governor Taleh Kazimov cited “challenges related to operations and financial sector stability”. [Read more at Trend News]
The European Central Bank (ECB) is inviting experts in offline payments to participate in conversations to explore options for an offline digital euro as part of its retail CBDC work. It wants to understand the marketplace for using embedded secure elements (eSEs) and embedded SIMs (eSIMs) in user devices. Secure elements are standard-compliant chips that ensure safe data storage embedded in most smartphones and many wearables, typically for payments. eSIMs facilitate user network switches via software updates, instead of swapping physical SIM cards. Both could play roles in offline payment functionality. The experts are to be drawn from original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), mobile network operators (MNOs) and specialized trusted service managers, but none that are participating in any of the ECB public tenders on digital euro components. [Read more at the ECB]
According to Giesecke+Devrient (G+D), the eSIM ecosystem offers an equivalent level of security and protection to that provided by the removable SIM card. The protocols are based on state-of-the-art cryptographic mechanisms and secure the privacy of the end user. A public key infrastructure (PKI) governed by the Global System for Mobile Communications Association (GSMA) provides a secure authentication of the entities of the ecosystem. Manufacturers or providers of eSIM solutions have to undergo GSMA certification in order to be admitted into the ecosystem.
The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) signed a memorandum of understanding ( MOU) with the People’s Bank of China (PBoC) to establish a cooperation framework to support the linkage of the payment systems of the Mainland and Hong Kong. “These efforts pave the way towards seamless and efficient cross-boundary payment connectivity between Hong Kong and the Mainland, unlock new opportunities for businesses and individuals in both places, and further cement Hong Kong’s role as a leading international financial center.” [Read more at the HKMA]
The Association for Financial Markets in Europe (AFME) published a report on its recommendations for supporting the development of capital markets and increased access to finance through new technologies. It outlines a series of priorities, including tokenization and digital assets, where it calls for loosening legal requirements that require central securities depositories (CSDs) which aren’t always necessary for DLT-based settlement platforms. Additionally, AFME would like to see legal clarification relating to the Settlement Finality Directive around probabilistic settlement on public blockchains. [Read the report at the AFME]
The Bahamas’ Parliament passed the Digital Assets and Registered Exchanges Act, 2024 (DARE 2024) 1.5 years after the collapse of Bahamas-headquartered FTX. It will tighten requirements for virtual asset service providers (VASPs) and put in place a full licensing regime. VASPs will be required to have a trade surveillance system in place, and insider trading, unlawful disclosure of information and market manipulation is prohibited. [Read the Act on the Parliamentary website]
Upcoming Speaking Engagements:
Intertribal Foreign Affairs Council Forum 2024, Yidindji, August 30-31. The conference will bring together indigenous nations to showcase the excellence of their governance practices and generate new ideas for the future. I’ll be on a panel focused on the future of money and indigenous financial inclusion. [Find out more and register here]
CBDC Conference, Istanbul, September 10-12. The conference will offer representatives of central banks, commercial banks, technology providers, policy makers and academics the perfect platform to learn about the latest CBDC developments, exchange ideas with experts and peers. [Find out more and register here][Central bank delegates may be eligible for free registration (email registration@cbdc-conference.com to find out more)]
Digital Currency Conference, London, September 23-24. The conference will bring together policymakers, regulators, and technology and innovation experts to network and discuss all aspects of digital currencies. And enter the KiffmeisterDCC code at registration to get a 20% discount! [Find out more and register here]
And just a reminder that I produce a monthly digest of central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments exclusively for the official sector. So (only)if you work at a central bank, ministry of finance or international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank) and who would like to receive it by email on the first business day of every month, please DM me on LinkedIn or email me at john@kiffmeister.com.
