Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260212)

February 12, 2026February 12, 2026 ~ kiffmeister

European Parliament Votes for Online and Offline Digital Euro (Central Banking)

On February 10, 2025 the European Union (EU) Parliament has approved the digital euro initiative, reaching agreement with the European Council on creating a currency that will function both online and offline. They rejected an earlier proposal by the parliamentary rapporteur that would have restricted the digital euro to an offline version only (420 votes in favor, 158 against and 64 abstentions). Members of Parliament approved an amendment that stated that the central bank digital currency (CBDC) was “essential to strengthen EU monetary sovereignty, reduce fragmentation in retail payments, and support the integrity and resilience of the single market [as] the increasing digitalization of payments, if left exclusively to private and non-EU actors, risks creating new forms of exclusion for both users and merchants” (438 in favor, 158 against and 44 abstentions). [Central Banking and European Parliament]

Bank Negara Launches Digital Ringgit Pilot Programs (BNM)

Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) announced that its Digital Asset Innovation Hub (DAIH) has onboarded three initiatives in 2026 to test real-world applications of ringgit stablecoins and tokenized deposits, focusing on wholesale payment use cases for domestic and cross-border transactions, including tokenized asset settlement. These initiatives will be conducted in a controlled environment with ecosystem partners, including corporate clients and other regulators, with some exploring Shariah-related considerations. The testing aims to assess monetary and financial stability implications, with BNM planning to provide clearer policy direction on ringgit stablecoins and tokenized deposits by end-2026, potentially integrating with existing wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) work. [BNM]

Programming Money Without Programmable Money (FRBNY)

The Federal Reserve Bank of New York published a staff report that examines the distinction between “programmable money” and “programmable payments” in the context of central bank digital currency (CBDC) and tokenized money systems. The authors propose a two-layer framework consisting of an “asset layer” (a ledger recording ownership of plain-vanilla money) and a “program layer” (instructions for conditional transfers), which issues “certificates” that can be classified by two properties: transferability (whether ownership can be transferred) and convertibility (whether the certificate releases basic money when conditions are met). Pure programmable money is defined as transferable but non-convertible certificates that could circulate perpetually without releasing basic money, while pure programmable payments are non-transferable but convertible certificates (like direct debit arrangements). However, programmable money would likely not satisfy the “no questions asked” (NQA) property needed for good money and therefore wouldn’t circulate widely as money. [FRBNY]

Upcoming Speaking Engagements:

The Digital Euro Conference 2026 (Frankfurt, March 26) will explore the future of money with a focus on CBDCs, stablecoins, and commercial bank tokens. This hybrid event offers the perfect platform to understand the future of digital money! [Register here and get 20% off the regular ticket price by using the Kiffmeister20 code!]

I produce a monthly digest of digital fiat currency (DFC) developments exclusively for the official sector (e.g., central banks, ministries of finance and international financial institution (e.g., the BIS, IMF, OECD, World Bank)) plus academics and firms that are active in the DFC space (commercial banks, technology providers, consultants, etc.). (DFCs include central bank digital currency (CBDC), stablecoins and tokenized deposits.) It goes out via email on the first business day of every month, and if you’re interested in being on the mailing list, please email me at john@kiffmeister.com.

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260209)

February 9, 2026February 9, 2026 ~ kiffmeister

I’m continuing my backfilling, this time catching up to some papers that were published in January that I put on the back burner because January was one of *those* months:

The Hidden Plumbing of Stablecoins: Financial and Technological Risks in the GENIUS Act Era (MIT DCI)

The MIT Digital Currency Initiative (DCI) published a paper evaluates the financial, technological, and regulatory risks facing U.S. dollar stablecoins under the 2025 GENIUS Act. The authors argue that while the Act strengthens reserve asset quality and transparency, it treats stablecoin stability primarily as a balance-sheet problem, leaving critical vulnerabilities unaddressed. Maintaining par-value redemption depends not only on high-quality backing assets but also on the functioning of Treasury and repo markets, broker-dealer balance-sheet capacity, and blockchain operational reliability. The paper identifies three interconnected risk layers: financial risks (including Treasury market fragility and dealer intermediation bottlenecks), technological risks (smart contract bugs, consensus attacks, bridge failures), and regulatory gaps (undefined redemption mechanics, lack of capital requirements, no access to Federal Reserve liquidity facilities). The analysis reveals that even conservatively backed stablecoins could face stress from redemption surges or market disruptions, and that stablecoin issuers have significantly lower capital buffers than commercial banks. The authors conclude that durable stability requires an integrated approach spanning financial-market infrastructure, prudential regulation, and software governance, while highlighting a key policy dilemma: granting stablecoin issuers Fed access could reduce liquidity risk but might disintermediate banks and affect monetary policy transmission. [Source: MIT DCI]

Stablecoins in Retail Payments (ArXiv)

ArXiv published a paper that systematically compares stablecoin-based payments with traditional card networks as retail payment systems. The authors introduce the CLEAR framework (Cost, Legality, Experience, Architecture, and Reach) to evaluate both systems across five dimensions. Their analysis reveals that while stablecoins offer advantages like continuous settlement, lower rail-level fees, and programmability, they suffer from significant drawbacks including weaker consumer protection (no native chargebacks), higher user-facing complexity (gas fees, wallet management), fragmented interoperability across blockchains, and limited merchant acceptance. Card networks, by contrast, subsidize consumers through interchange fees, provide strong legal recourse mechanisms, and benefit from standardized global infrastructure and network effects. The paper concludes that stablecoins demonstrate conditional advantages in closed-loop environments, cross-border corridors, and high-friction payment contexts (particularly in high-inflation economies), but remain structurally disadvantaged as general-purpose retail payment instruments compared to card networks due to their institutional incompleteness and lack of coordinated governance frameworks. [Source: ArXiv]

Central Bank Digital Currency and Monetary Sovereignty (CEPR)

The Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) published an article that argues that a central bank digital currency (CBDC) is not essential for maintaining monetary sovereignty, contrary to popular claims. The author contends that throughout history, monetary stability has relied on a hybrid system of publicly defined units of account backed by private money (like bank deposits), rather than universal access to public currency. True monetary sovereignty depends on the central bank’s legal authority and its capacity to absorb risk through balance-sheet operations during crises, not on issuing retail digital currency. The article further distinguishes between money (the settlement asset) and payments (the transaction mechanism), arguing that concerns about foreign payment providers are payment system issues requiring regulatory solutions, not CBDC. [Source: CEPR]

Central Bank Digital Currency and Gresham’s Law: An Experimental Analysis (SNB)

The Swiss National Bank (SNB) published a paper that examines how people use central bank digital currency (CBDC) versus risky bank deposits through a laboratory experiment. The researchers tested Gresham’s law—the principle that “bad money drives out good”—by having participants allocate funds between a risk-free account (like CBDC) and a risky account (like bank deposits) that could lose 50% with 10% probability. Key findings show that when the risk-free account is unrestricted, people extensively hold and pay with it. However, when limited by a ceiling or negative interest rate, people tend to hoard the risk-free money as a store of value while using risky money for payments—confirming Gresham’s law. The study concludes that mechanisms designed to limit CBDC holdings (necessary to protect the banking system) may undermine its effectiveness as a payment method, suggesting it may be better to build payment systems on existing bank deposits rather than CBDC. [Source: SNB]

Upcoming Speaking Engagements:

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260207)

February 7, 2026February 7, 2026 ~ kiffmeister

Universal Launches UAE’s First Central Bank-Registered USD Stablecoin (Universal Digital)

[January 29, 2026] Universal Digital Intl Limited become the first Foreign Payment Token Issuer registered by the Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), alongside the launch of USDU, the first USD-backed stablecoin to be registered as a Foreign Payment Token under the UAE’s Payment Token Services Regulation. This makes USDU the only compliant USD settlement option for digital assets in the UAE market. The stablecoin is backed 1:1 by reserves held in safeguarded accounts at Emirates NBD and Mashreq, with Mbank providing corporate banking support, and features monthly independent attestation by a global accounting firm. Universal, regulated by Abu Dhabi Global Market’s Financial Services Regulatory Authority, is partnering with AECoin, the first licensed UAE Dirham (AED) stablecoin in the UAE, for future AED conversions and with Aquanow for broader institutional distribution, positioning USDU as a bridge between traditional financial systems and the emerging digital asset economy both domestically and internationally. [Source: Universal Digital]

Some more backfilling:

Potential Implementation of Timor-Leste eCentavos (BCTL)

[September 6, 2024] Banco Central de Timor-Leste (BCTL) published its 2025-2035 Strategic Plan for Financial Sector Development in which it discussed its plans to possibly issue eCentavos central bank digital currency (CBDC), as part of its strategy to modernize the financial system, enhance payment efficiency, and promote financial inclusion. The project will follow a phased approach starting with a comprehensive feasibility study in 2025 that examines potential benefits, challenges, and lessons from other central banks’ CBDC experiences. This may be followed by pilot testing in at least five municipalities in 2026, and full-scale implementation in 2028. The plan emphasizes the importance of assessing technological resilience, privacy and security concerns, user adoption, and interoperability with existing financial systems during the gradual rollout. [Source: BCTL]

Upcoming Speaking Engagements:

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260203)

February 3, 2026February 3, 2026 ~ kiffmeister

BSP Eyes CBDC for Settling Tokenized Government Bonds (GMA News)

The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) is reportedly developing a second proof of concept for its wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) to settle tokenized government bonds, following the completion of Project Agila testing in 2024. According to BSP deputy governor Mamerto Tangonan, this initiative will provide a settlement instrument for the Bureau of the Treasury’s tokenized treasury bonds (TTBs), which raised ₱10 billion from the domestic bond market using distributed ledger technology. The wholesale CBDC is intended for use by commercial banks and financial institutions for interbank payments, securities transactions, and cross-border payments, with the BSP planning to expand participation beyond the initial six banks in the next testing phase, though no specific timeline has been announced. [Source: GMA News]

Understanding Disputes Over Digitalization: CBDC Cross-Border Perspectives (Emory Law)

The Emory International Law Review published a paper by Heng Wang that examines the complexity of disputes arising from digitalization through the lens of cross-border central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). The paper analyzes CBDC-related disputes using a three-dimensional framework: the social dimension (divergent state interests, approaches, and levels of commonality among jurisdictions); the material dimension (subject matter complexities involving data, technology, and parties’ perceptions regarding dispute classification, risk tolerance, and market attitudes); and the temporal dimension (how technology and rule development evolve over time, creating legal vacuums and new challenges). The paper finds that dispute complexity stems from factors including regulatory inconsistencies across jurisdictions, technological uncertainties, varying privacy standards, interoperability challenges, and geoeconomic considerations. It argues that understanding these multifaceted dimensions is essential for developing effective dispute settlement mechanisms and governance frameworks as digitalization accelerates, particularly as CBDC networks expand and interconnect globally. [Source: Emory Law]

I’m also continuing my efforts to update my CBDC and CBDCTracker.org databases, so here’s some more backfilling:

Digital Turkish Lira Second Phase Progress Report (CBRT)

[November 24, 2025] The Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (CBRT) published a progress report on the 2nd phase of its Digital Turkish Lira project, which will focus on developing programmable payments and offline payment capabilities while maintaining core principles of privacy, interoperability, and financial inclusion. The digital lira will operate through a two-tier system where the central bank issues the currency and financial intermediaries provide user access without the central bank storing user identity data. Key developments include payment templates and packages that enable automated, condition-based transactions integrated with digital identity verification, and offline payment functionality using smart cards and NFC technology to work without internet connectivity. The system is being designed for interoperability with digital assets, cross-border payment platforms, and existing financial infrastructure, with the goal of reaching a minimum viable product stage by the end of this phase before any potential circulation decision in a third phase. Similar to the first phase, pilot tests will also be conducted in the second phase. [Source: CBRT]

Central Bank of Iraq on Banking reform, Digital Dinar, Dollar Transactions… (Iraq Business News)

[December 2, 2025] The Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) is reportedly developing a digital dinar project, although according to Governor Ali Mohsen Al-Alaqit, it requires significant time and infrastructure before launch. [Source: Iraq Business News]

Upcoming Speaking Engagements:

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260128)

January 28, 2026January 28, 2026 ~ kiffmeister

Tether Launches USA₮, the Federally Regulated, Dollar-Backed Stablecoin (Tether)

Tether launched USA₮, a U.S. dollar-backed stablecoin specifically designed for the U.S. market under the GENIUS Act framework. Issued by Anchorage Digital Bank (America’s first federally regulated stablecoin issuer), USA₮ aims to provide institutions with a compliant digital dollar alternative while Tether’s global USD₮ continues operating worldwide. The stablecoin features Cantor Fitzgerald as reserve custodian, bank-grade compliance infrastructure, and is initially available on major exchanges including Bybit, Crypto.com, Kraken, OKX, and Moonpay. This launch represents Tether’s effort to strengthen U.S. dollar dominance in the digital economy while meeting American regulatory standards. The press release notes that Tether is the 17th-largest holder of U.S. Treasuries globally, ahead of sovereign holders including Germany, South Korea, and Australia. [Source: Tether]

ECB Paves Way for Acceptance of DLT-Based Assets as Eligible Eurosystem Collateral (ECB)

The European Central Bank (ECB) announced that it will accept marketable assets issued using distributed ledger technology (DLT) as eligible collateral for Eurosystem credit operations starting March 30, 2026. These DLT-based assets must meet standard Eurosystem collateral eligibility criteria and be available for settlement in systems compliant with the Central Securities Depository Regulation (CSDR) and reachable via TARGET2-Securities (T2S). The Eurosystem is also launching a work plan to explore whether DLT-native assets not represented in traditional securities settlement systems could become eligible collateral in the future, taking a staggered approach that considers market developments and evolving regulations like the DLT Pilot Regime and Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR). This initiative reflects the ECB’s commitment to supporting innovation and technological progress in financial markets while maintaining safety and efficiency standards. [Source: ECB]

Upcoming Speaking Engagements:

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260126)

January 26, 2026January 26, 2026 ~ kiffmeister

Stablecoins in Payments: What the Raw Transaction Numbers Miss (LinkedIn)

McKinsey Financial Services published analysis reveals that while stablecoins show headline transaction volumes of up to $35 trillion annually, the actual payment activity is only about $390 billion—representing roughly 0.02% of global payments. Most reported stablecoin transactions consist of trading, internal fund shuffling, and automated blockchain activity rather than real-world payments like supplier payments or remittances. The research, conducted with Artemis Analytics, found that B2B payments dominate actual stablecoin usage at $226 billion (60% of total), with Asia-originated activity leading at $245 billion. While stablecoin supply has grown from under $30 billion in 2020 to over $300 billion today, with projections reaching $2-4 trillion by 2030, the analysis emphasizes that financial institutions need to critically evaluate raw blockchain data and invest strategically in proven use cases rather than relying on inflated volume figures to assess stablecoins’ current market position and potential. [Source: McKinsey]

When Monetary Innovation Makes Money Obsolete (OMFIF)

The Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum (OMFIF) published an article by Ousmène Mandeng that argues that tokenization and instant financial transactions could make traditional money holdings obsolete. The author explains that money’s value stems from transaction frictions—the delays and costs of converting assets into purchasing power. As tokenization enables near-instantaneous, frictionless conversion between interest-bearing securities and money, people would no longer need to hold money balances in advance of payments. Instead, they would convert assets to money just-in-time for transactions and immediately back again, causing money holdings to shrink toward zero while money velocity becomes unbounded. This would fundamentally reshape banking, blurring the lines between banks and investment funds, as money transitions from being a store of value to merely a transient settlement instrument within transaction flows. [Source: OMFIF]

Stablecoins Are the Future But Banks Will Survive (Bloomberg)

Bloomberg published an article that argues that stablecoins pose minimal threat to traditional banking. While banks worry that interest-bearing stablecoins will drain deposits and increase their funding costs, the article contends that historical evidence suggests stablecoins and bank deposits serve complementary rather than competing functions—similar to how bank notes and deposits coexisted during the National Banking Era. The authors note that 70-80% of bank deposits are insensitive to interest rates, with customers valuing bundled services like physical branches over higher yields, making mass migration to stablecoins unlikely. They conclude that stablecoins, backed strictly by cash and short-term Treasuries under the GENIUS Act, enhance financial stability rather than threaten it, while providing additional demand for government debt. [Source: Bloomberg]

Stablecoins as Eurodollars 2.0 – Toward a Shadow Dollar Standard (SSRN)

A paper posted on SSRN co-authored by the University of Toronto’s Redouane Elkamhi argues that fiat-backed stablecoins function as “Eurodollars 2.0″—a new generation of offshore dollar liabilities that operate outside traditional banking regulation but remain economically linked to U.S. financial markets through reserve holdings and redemption mechanisms. Like the historical eurodollar system, stablecoins expand dollar liquidity creation and circulation beyond domestic borders, potentially strengthening dollar dominance by embedding the dollar as the default settlement asset in tokenized finance and accelerating digital dollarization in economies with weak currencies. However, this creates similar fragilities: stablecoins can experience rapid redemption runs that force reserve liquidations and transmit stress to money markets, while their global accessibility may erode monetary sovereignty in other jurisdictions. The authors propose the “Stablecoin Eurodollar System” framework to analyze how stress propagates through on-chain payment layers, off-chain reserve portfolios, and wholesale funding markets, emphasizing that the key policy challenge is not whether stablecoins exist but how convertibility into state money is governed when usage becomes systemic—particularly regarding reserve requirements, transparency standards, and whether public sector liquidity backstops should be extended to this new class of dollar instruments. [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=6061095]

Upcoming Speaking Engagements:

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260116)

January 16, 2026January 16, 2026 ~ kiffmeister

Kazakhstan’s Digital Tenge CBDC Officially Launched (NBRK)

The National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan (NBRK) announced that its digital tenge central bank digital currency (CBDC) has officially launched. The digital tenge is now legal tender in Kazakhstan, with the NBRK as the sole issuer, and interaction with it facilitated through financial market participants. [Source: NBRK]

SG-FORGE and SWIFT Move Forward in Digital Asset Interoperability (SG-Forge)

Societe Generale-FORGE (SG-FORGE) and SWIFT completed a trial involving the exchange and settlement of tokenized bonds using both fiat and digital currencies. The EUR CoinVertible, a stablecoin issued by SG-FORGE that is compliant with European Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulations, was integrated with SWIFT’s interoperability capabilities to connect blockchain platforms with traditional payment systems. The initiative demonstrated several market operations including issuance, delivery-versus-payment settlement, coupon payments, and redemption. SG-FORGE provided its open-source Compliance Architecture for Security Tokens (CAST) framework and the EUR CoinVertible stablecoin, which became the first on-chain settlement asset natively compatible with SWIFT’s infrastructure. The trial, conducted with participating banks, showed that tokenized bonds can utilize existing payment systems while incorporating ISO 20022 standards. [Source: SG-FORGE]

Upcoming Speaking Engagements:

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20260112)

January 12, 2026January 12, 2026 ~ kiffmeister

Interoperability Standards for Digital Assets (MIT/SODA)

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the Standards Organization for Digital Assets (SODA) published a white paper that addresses the need for global standards to enable tokenized real-world assets to move seamlessly across different blockchain networks and traditional financial systems. The White Paper describes the need to create neutral, open standards through three workstreams: a data model defining asset information, common digital functions for smart contracts, and legal/governance frameworks ensuring regulatory compliance. The paper draws parallels to historical standardization successes like the internet’s TCP/IP protocol and shipping containers, arguing that without interoperability standards, tokenization will only deliver isolated efficiencies rather than transforming global finance. Contributors from major institutions including Chainlink, Fireblocks, Wormhole, and others emphasize that true scalability requires standardized approaches to cross-chain transfers, identity verification, compliance, and connectivity with existing financial infrastructure, ultimately enabling the tokenized asset market by 2030 to reach its full potential. [Source: SODA]

Ethiopia Unveils 5-Year National Digital Payment Strategy (NBE)

[December 9, 2025] The National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) published a draft National Digital Payment Strategy 2026–30. The five-year framework outlines a roadmap to build a trusted, innovative, and integrated digital payments ecosystem. Part of the study involves studying stablecoins, cryptocurrencies, and central bank digital currency (CBDC), map their current use in Ethiopia, and identify concrete, locally viable use-cases for future policy and product development. Furthermore, white papers will be published and, if deemed necessary, required regulatory frameworks and pilot programs will be implemented. [Source: NBE]

Upcoming Speaking Engagements:

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20251218)

December 18, 2025December 18, 2025 ~ kiffmeister

VISA Launches Stablecoin Settlement in the United States (VISA)

VISA has launched USDC stablecoin settlement in the United States, allowing U.S. issuer and acquirer partners to settle transactions using Circle’s USDC for the first time. The initiative offers benefits including faster funds movement via blockchain, seven-day availability, and enhanced operational resilience during weekends and holidays. Initial U.S. banking participants include Cross River Bank and Lead Bank, which are settling with Visa using USDC over the Solana blockchain, with broader U.S. availability planned through 2026. This marks a significant expansion of VISA’s stablecoin settlement pilot program that has been operating in other regions since 2023, and the company is also partnering with Circle on Arc, a new Layer 1 blockchain designed to support VISA’s global commercial activity. [Source: VISA]

Coinbase Expands Into Stock Trading and Prediction Markets (Coinbase)

Coinbase has announced a major expansion of its platform, introducing several new products including 24/5 zero-commission stock trading), prediction markets for real-world events, and simplified futures trading—all integrated into the main Coinbase app for U.S. users. The company is also launching Coinbase Business for startups and small businesses, rolling out an AI-powered financial advisor called Coinbase Advisor, and making the Base App available globally in over 140 countries as an “onchain everything app” that combines social features, trading, and payments. Additionally, Coinbase is expanding its developer platform with payment APIs and custom stablecoin creation capabilities, positioning itself as a comprehensive financial platform that bridges traditional finance and cryptocurrency while working toward a future where all assets are tokenized and tradeable in one unified interface. [Source: Coinbase]

Upcoming Speaking Engagements:

Kiffmeister’s #Fintech Daily Digest (20251213)

December 13, 2025December 13, 2025 ~ kiffmeister

OCC Announces Conditional Approvals for Five National Trust Bank Charter Applications (OCC)

The U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) conditionally approved national trust bank charter applications from five major crypto-asset companies. Circle (First National Digital Currency Bank) and Ripple National Trust Bank received de novo charters. BitGo Bank & Trust, Fidelity Digital Assets, and Paxos Trust Company were converted from state trust companies to national trust banks. These firms will now be able to offer regulated crypto-asset services nationwide without navigating complex state-by-state licensing. “The OCC will continue to provide a path for both traditional and innovative approaches to financial services to ensure the federal banking system keeps pace with the evolution of finance and supports a modern economy.” [Source: OCC]

DTCC Authorized to Offer New Tokenization Service (DTCC)

Depository Trust Company (DTC) received a No-Action Letter from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), authorizing it to offer a tokenization service for real-world, DTC-custodied assets in a controlled production environment, with rollout expected in the second half of 2026. The three-year authorization covers highly liquid assets including Russell 1000 stocks, major index ETFs, and U.S. Treasury securities, allowing DTC to create digital versions with the same entitlements and protections as traditional assets. This milestone aims to enable 24/7 trading access, collateral mobility, and programmable assets while maintaining the same level of security and regulatory oversight, ultimately bridging traditional finance (TradFi) and decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystems through DTCC’s ComposerX platform suite. [Source: DTCC]

Upcoming Speaking Engagements: