Jurisdictions Where Retail CBDC Is Being Explored

At least 105 central banks have recently launched, piloted, experimented with and/or researched retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) not including two that started issuing retail CBDC and then shut the platforms down (Ecuador and Finland). (I say “at least” because I only track on the basis of publicly-available information from reliable sources, ideally the central banks themselves.) This total is unchanged from the end of September 2024. Keep in mind that I don’t count all of the individual national central banks that are part of currency unions (e.g., the European or Eastern Caribbean Currency Unions). If I did the tally that way, my count would be around the oft-quoted 130+ central banks. Also, the table was compiled from publicly available sources, including the media and central bank websites, and not verified through official channels. If I’m missing anything, or you find mistakes in the tabulation, please let me know in the comments!

Notes: The difference between a “pilot” and “proof of concept” (POC) is that a pilot involves actual users, whereas a POC does not, even though some POCs may involve central bank staff. Also, because the tabulation is based only on publicly-available information, it is likely that there is some POC activity in the “research” category, but no announcements have been made. Finally, entries that are crossed through indicate that the projects have been shut down. Also, the ones that are crossed out, are where the central bank has considered issuing CBDC but then decided to cancel the research or put it on hold (“watchful waiting”).

Also, I’ve migrated a bunch of posts from the “Fintech Intelligencer” blog that Sonja Davidovic and I used to run, so there may be a bunch of very outdated material spewing out below (or maybe not). Please ignore them, as I have little control over what my Mailchimp robot picks up and mails out.